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2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leire Ortega ◽  
Jessica Quesada ◽  
Antonio Ruiz ◽  
María Magnolia Conde-Felipe ◽  
Otilia Ferrer ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, alternative methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Some of the most promising alternatives are based on the immune response of the host, such as the selection of genetically resistant breeds or the use of vaccines against these parasites. Given the limited information available on the immune response against GINs in goats, this study investigated the local immune response of goat kids of an indigenous Canary Islands breed (Majorera breed) experimentally infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta, one of the most pathogenic and prevalent GIN species. Methods For this purpose, the relationship between different parasitological (number of mature and immature worms, worm length, and number of intrauterine eggs) and immunological parameters at the local level (related to both the humoral and cellular immune response) was analyzed at early (1 week post-infection [wpi]) and late (8 wpi) stages of infection. Results Primary infection of goat kids with T. circumcincta infective larvae (L3) generated a complex immune response that could be defined as Th2 type, characterized by increased infiltration in abomasal tissues of several effector cells as well as a progressive presence of specific antibodies against parasitic antigens in the gastric mucus. Cellular responses were evidenced from 1 wpi onward, showing an increase in antigen-presenting cells and various lymphocyte subsets in the gastric mucosa. Conclusions The complexity of the host response was evidenced by statistically significant changes in the number of all these subpopulations (MHCII+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ+, CD45R+, IgA+, and IgG+), as well as in the evolution of the relative cytokine gene expression. From a functional point of view, negative associations were observed between the number of most of the immune cells (CD4, IgA, IgG, and CD45R cells) and parameters that could be related to the fecundity of worms, a phenomenon that was especially evident when the number of IgG and CD45R cells or the specific IgA levels of the gastric mucus were compared with parasitological parameters such as the female worm length or fecal egg counts at 8 wpi. Graphical Abstract


Pathogens ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Andrea Springer ◽  
Christian von Holtum ◽  
Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna ◽  
Christina Strube

The lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus is one of the most economically important bovine parasites in temperate climate regions. Following infection, D. viviparus induces a temporary protective immunity, and a vaccine based on attenuated, infective larvae is commercially available. However, due to several disadvantages of the live vaccine, the development of a recombinant subunit vaccine is highly desirable. Therefore, the major sperm protein (MSP), which is essential for the parasite’s reproduction, was tested as a recombinantly Escherichia coli-expressed glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fused vaccine antigen in immunization trials with two different adjuvants, Quil A and Al(OH)3. Calves (N = 4 per group) were immunized on study day (SD) 0, 21 and 42 and given a challenge infection on SD 63–65. The two control groups received only the respective adjuvant. Based on geometric means (GM), a 53.64% reduction in larvae per female worm was observed in the rMSP Quil A group vs. its control group (arithmetic means (AM): 54.43%), but this difference was not statistically significant. In the rMSP Al(OH)3 group, the mean number of larvae per female worm was even higher than in the respective control group (GM: 9.24%, AM: 14.14%). Furthermore, male and female worm burdens and the absolute number of larvae did not differ significantly, while the Al(OH)3 control group harbored significantly longer worms than the vaccinated group. Vaccinated animals showed a rise in rMSP-specific antibodies, particularly IgG and its subclass IgG1, and the native protein was detected by immunoblots. Although rMSP alone did not lead to significantly reduced worm fecundity, it might still prove useful as part of a multi-component vaccine.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qunfeng Wu ◽  
Zheng Feng ◽  
Wei Hu

Abstract Immunofluorescence assay is one of methods to understand the spatial biology by visualizing localization of biomolecules in cells and tissues. Autofluorescence, as a common phenomenon in organisms, is a background signal interfering the immunolocalization assay of schistosome biomolecules, and may lead to misinterpretation of the biomolecular function. However, applicable method for reducing the autofluorescence in Schistosoma remains unclear. In order to find a suitable method for reducing autofluorescence of schistosomes, different chemical reagents, such as Sudan black B (SBB), trypan blue (TB), copper sulfate (CuSO4), Tris-glycine (Gly), and ammonia/ethanol (AE), at different concentrations and treatment time were tested, and SBB and CuSO4 were verified for the effect of blocking autofluorescence in immunofluorescence to localize the target with anti-SjCRT antibody. By comparing the autofluorescence characteristics of different conditions, it was found that SBB, TB and CuSO4 had a certain degree of reducing autofluorescence effect, and the best effect in females was using 50 mM CuSO4 for 6 h and in males was 0.5% SBB for 6 h. Furthermore, we have applied the optimized conditions to the immunofluorescence of SjCRT protein, and the results revealed that the immunofluorescence signal of SjCRT was clearly visible without autofluorescence interference. We present an effective method to reduce autofluorescence in male and female worm of Schistosoma japonicum for immunofluorescence assay, which could be helpful to better understand biomolecular functions. Our method provides an idea for immunofluorescence assay in other flukes with autofluoresence.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qunfeng Wu ◽  
Zheng Feng ◽  
Wei Hu

Abstract Background Immunofluorescence assay is one of methods to understand the spatial biology by visualizing localization of biomolecules in cells and tissues. Autofluorescence, as a common phenomenon in organisms, is a background signal interfering the immunolocalization assay of schistosome biomolecules, and may lead to misinterpretation of the biomolecular function. However, applicable method for reducing the autofluorescence in Schistosoma remains unclear. Methods In order to find a suitable method for reducing autofluorescence of schistosomes, different chemical reagents, such as Sudan black B (SBB), trypan blue (TB), copper sulfate (CuSO4), Tris-glycine (Gly), and ammonia/ethanol (AE), at different concentrations and treatment time were tested, and SBB and CuSO4 were verified for the effect of blocking autofluorescence in immunofluorescence to localize the target with anti-SjCRT antibody. Results By comparing the autofluorescence characteristics of different conditions, it was found that SBB, TB and CuSO4 had a certain degree of reducing autofluorescence effect, and the best effect in females was using 50 mM CuSO4 for 6 h and in males was 0.5% SBB for 6 h. Furthermore, we have applied the optimized conditions to the immunofluorescence of SjCRT protein, and the results revealed that the immunofluorescence signal of SjCRT was clearly visible without autofluorescence interference. Conclusions We present an effective method to reduce autofluorescence in male and female worm of Schistosoma japonicum for immunofluorescence assay, which could be helpful to better understand biomolecular functions. Our method provides an idea for immunofluorescence assay in other flukes with autofluoresence.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. e1009601
Author(s):  
Germanus S. Bah ◽  
Sebastian Schneckener ◽  
Steffen R. Hahnel ◽  
Nicolas H. Bayang ◽  
Helena Fieseler ◽  
...  

Onchocerciasis (river blindness), caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus, is a neglected tropical disease mostly affecting sub-Saharan Africa and is responsible for >1.3 million years lived with disability. Current control relies almost entirely on ivermectin, which suppresses symptoms caused by the first-stage larvae (microfilariae) but does not kill the long-lived adults. Here, we evaluated emodepside, a semi-synthetic cyclooctadepsipeptide registered for deworming applications in companion animals, for activity against adult filariae (i.e., as a macrofilaricide). We demonstrate the equivalence of emodepside activity on SLO-1 potassium channels in Onchocerca volvulus and Onchocerca ochengi, its sister species from cattle. Evaluation of emodepside in cattle as single or 7-day treatments at two doses (0.15 and 0.75 mg/kg) revealed rapid activity against microfilariae, prolonged suppression of female worm fecundity, and macrofilaricidal effects by 18 months post treatment. The drug was well tolerated, causing only transiently increased blood glucose. Female adult worms were mostly paralyzed; however, some retained metabolic activity even in the multiple high-dose group. These data support ongoing clinical development of emodepside to treat river blindness.


Author(s):  
Nassar, Adebayo Sulaiman ◽  
Bakarey, Adeleye Solomon ◽  
Abdulazeez, Abubakar Aderemi

Aim: Praziquantel-based chemotherapy is generally effective in the control of morbidity, decline in the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infections. Nevertheless, the potential emergence of praziquantel resistance in S. mansoni posses danger in the elimination of this neglected tropical disease in Africa. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the in-vivo efficacy of Praziquantel and Artemisinin using mice infected with S. Mansoni cercariae. Methods: Infected mice with S. mansoni were treated with different doses of Artemisinin and Praziquantel from day 42 post infection to assess its efficacy on adult worms and eggs. A 2-day Protocol: artemisinin 400 mg/kg with Praziquantel of 500 mg/kg daily, 4-day protocol: artemisinin 200 mg/kg with praziquantel of 250 mg/kg daily, 6-day protocol: artemisinin 100 mg/kg with praziquantel of 125 mg/kg daily were used. A value of p <0.05 was considered as the level of significance using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: Of the 150 snails collected, 60(40%) were confirmed to be Biomphalaria, while 50(33.3%) and 40(26.3%) were Bulinus and Intercalatum respectively. Highest reduction of 66.3% was found in group II, compared with 58.8% and 56.5% significant reductions in groups I and III, respectively. Also, there were 77.8% and 74.2% significant reductions in eggs per gram of the small intestinal tissue noted in groups I and II respectively as against 63.1% reduction in group III. A significant decline in the percentage of total immature stages of 6.14% in group I was observed when compared to 66.14% in the control. Furthermore, a statistically significant boost of 57.57% was found in the protocol of Artemisinin 100 mg/kg with Praziquantel 125 mg/kg daily (6-day protocol) causing decreases of 43.9% and 42.4% in the total and female worm loads, respectively. The combination decreased intestinal tissue egg loads ranging from 63.1% to 77.8% and liver egg loads ranging from 56.5% to 66.3% rates. Conclusion: Combined effect of the drugs has confirmed some level of efficacy on experimental S.  Mansoni with significant reduction in tissue egg burden.


Author(s):  
Franziska Winkelmann ◽  
Marcus Frank ◽  
Anne Rabes ◽  
Nicole Koslowski ◽  
Cindy Schulz ◽  
...  

AbstractSchistosomiasis is one of the most devastating parasitic disease in the world. Schistosoma spp. survive for decades within the vasculature of their human hosts. They have evolved a vast array of mechanisms to avoid the immune reaction of the host. Due to their sexual dimorphism, with the female worm lying within the gynecophoric canal of the male worm, it is the male that is exposed to the immediate environment and the soluble parts of the host’s immune response. To understand how the worms are so successful in fending off the immune attacks of the host, comparative analyses of both worm sexes in human serum (with or without Praziquantel) were performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Further, gene expression analyses of tegument-specific genes were performed. Following the incubation in human serum, males and females out of pairs show morphological changes such as an altered structure of the pits below the surface and an increased number of pits per area. In addition, female schistosomes presented a marked tuft-like repulsion of their opsonized surface. The observed resistance of females to Praziquantel seemed to depend on active proteins in the human serum. Moreover, different expression profiles of tegument-specific genes indicate different functions of female_single and male_single teguments in response to human serum. Our results indicate that female schistosomes developed different evasion strategies toward the host’s immune system in comparison to males that might lead to more robustness and has to be taken into account for the development of new anti-schistosomal drugs.


Author(s):  
Yagoob Garedaghi ◽  
Behrang Esfandiyari ◽  
Hamidreza Hassanzadeh Khanmiri

Introduction: Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as pinworm, is one of the most prevalent intestinal nematodes of humankind belonging to the Oxyuridae family. It is a small, white or transparent, threadlike roundworm. The length of the male worm is 2 to 3 mm and the female worm is 3 to 8 mm in length. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of E. vermicularis and its relationship with disease symptoms, allergic disease symptoms, and eosinophilia in children aged one to six years in Marand city of East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 200 children were studied using systematic random sampling. Data collection method was based on a questionnaire, peripheral blood smear, and Scotch tape test. In the designed questionnaire, children’s characteristics such as gender and age and parents’ characteristics including job and level of education were recorded. Peripheral blood smear slides were obtained from each child and examined for eosinophilia by a hematologist. Scotch test samples were prepared by parents after providing the necessary training on its sampling method and then examined in the laboratory for the presence of E. vermicularis eggs by a parasitologist. Results: In this study, 64 (32%) children were diagnosed with oxyuriasis. The prevalence of oxyuriasis was 36.5% in boys and 43.7% in girls. There was no significant relationship between oxyuriasis and its symptoms. Additionally, there was no significant relationship between oxyuriasis and allergic disease symptoms. Fourteen children had eosinophilia (7%), of which 9 (64%) were infected with E. vermicularis. There was a significant relationship between E. vermicularis infection and eosinophilia (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the study and the importance of the issue for the control and prevention of this disease, it is suggested that people should be provided with the necessary information about the life cycle, ways of transmission, and especially ways to prevent E. vermicularis infestation, and basic measures should be taken to improve the economic situation of the people of the region and to promote public and personal health through public education. Finally, medical treatment of patients and their families should be considered at the same time.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Dewi Mariyam ◽  
Sri Mumpuni Sosiawati ◽  
Kuncoro Puguh Santoso ◽  
Setiawan Koesdarto ◽  
Sarmanu Sarmanu ◽  
...  

The purpose of this research is to determine the kind of nematodes and to determine the prevalence result. Thirtysix samples of omasum and abomasum were collected from RPH Pegirian from September-November 2017 then using gastrointestinal surgery to get fresh adult worm, afterwards using Semichen-Acetic Carmine stainning method to makes the object easy to microscopic identify. The result showed that species was found Haemonchus contortus, as an identify result show that adult worm has a character on a anterior part called cervical papilae, female  worm has a barber’s pole on body also posterior part has a vulva flap, posterior part of male worm has a bursa copulatrix, spicula, gubernaculum and dorsal rays looks like Y shape. Seventeen positive samples and the prevalence rate was 47,2%, 273 adult worms and female worms 215 (78,75%) and the male worms 58 (21,25%). Chi-Square statistical test (P <0.05) showed that 13 positive samples of kambing kacang (65%) were higher infected Haemonchosis infection than 4 potitive samples of PE (25%).


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Vindo Rossy Pertiwi ◽  
Kusnoto Kusnoto ◽  
Setiawan Koesdarto ◽  
Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti ◽  
Lucia Tri Suwanti ◽  
...  

Toxocariasis is one of zoonosis diseases that caused by Toxocara spp. that is Toxocara canis. Toxocara canis has several stages until it can infect animals and humans, namely the egg stage, larvae first stage (L1), larvae second stage (L2), larvae third stage (L3) to adult worms. Studies about the L2 and L2 tissue of T. canis found in paratenic hosts using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) have not been widely performed. Some of the causes include L2 being not easily to found and identified, so research rarely raises the ultrastructural morphology of L2 and L2 tissues. Knowledge about the ultrastructural morphology of L2 and L2 tissue of T. canis worms is very important to determining the diagnosis, especially the etiological diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to detected morphology of L2 and L2 tissues of T. canis using SEM. Samples from this study is faeces of dogs that infected with toxocariasis and the digestive tract of dogs obtained from dog slaughter houses. The sample is an adult worm of T. canis; the female worm is dissected and taken uterus to collect worm eggs. The results of this study on microscopic and optilab examination showed a difference between L2 and L2 tissue that the length of L2 hatched from embryonic eggs was 390 ìm and with a width of 23.4 ìm at the midpoint of the body. Larvae second stage length from the infected somatic tissue is 410 ìm and the width is 22.5 ìm at the midpoint, and then difference in dorsal lip, cuticles, body ring, cervical alae, buccal capsul, tail.


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