The interrelationship of beta endorphin, ACTH and cortisol in depressive illness: a controlled study

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Ball ◽  
Trevor Howlett ◽  
Trevor Silverstone ◽  
Lesley Rees
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Beta Endorphin ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

SynopsisPlasma cortisol, ACTH and beta endorphin were measured before and after dexamethasone in 8 severely depressed patients and 8 age- and sex-matched controls to examine the relationship of ACTH and endogenous opioids to cortisol in depression. Despite having significantly higher plasma levels of cortisol than the controls, the depressed patients did not have correspondingly elevated plasma levels of ACTH. Beta-endorphin levels were also similar in the two groups. All three hormones suppressed to some degree after dexamethasone, but cortisol suppressed less in patients than controls. Our findings suggest that in severe depressive illness abnormalities exist in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis peripherally as well as centrally.

scholarly journals On the Relationship of Interoceptive Accuracy and Attention: A Controlled Study With Depressed Inpatients and a Healthy Cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Schultchen ◽  
Carolin Schneider ◽  
Götz Berberich ◽  
Michael Zaudig ◽  
Thorsten M. Erle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Attention Deficits ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Heartbeat Perception ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectivePrevious research has shown reduced interoceptive accuracy (IAcc) in depression. Attention deficit represents a key symptom of depression. Moreover, IAcc is positively correlated with attention. There is no study that investigates the effect of depression on IAcc and attention. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating effect of IAcc on depression and attention.MethodsThirty-six depressed patients from the Psychosomatic Clinic in Windach were matched with 36 healthy controls according to age and sex and were assessed at Ulm University. All participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the heartbeat perception task to examine IAcc, and the d2 test assessing selective attention.ResultsDepressed patients showed attention deficits—both for general visual attention and IAcc—compared to healthy controls. The mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between depression and attention is not mediated via IAcc. Furthermore, depression predicts IAcc and attention, but these effects are direct and largely unaffected by the respective other variable.DiscussionThe results of the present study highlight both interoceptive as well as attention deficits in depressed patients. No clear mediation between these variables could be shown in this study. More elaborative research is needed to clarify whether different approaches to improve IAcc are effective for these deficits in depressed patients and could therefore be of importance as an additional aspect of therapy in depression.

Richard Scheringer, the KPD and the Politics of Class and Nation in Germany, 1922–1969

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY S. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Army Officer ◽  
Modern Germany ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the life and times of Richard Scheringer, an army officer and supporter of Adolf Hitler who became famous during the early 1930s for his high-profile conversion to communism. Known in the closing years of the Weimar Republic as a point-man for Communist efforts to win support from the radical right, Scheringer survived the Third Reich to become a leading figure in the postwar Communist Party. His well-documented but little-studied career, bridging critical caesurae of modern Germany history, highlights the unique political constellation of the interwar period, demonstrating fundamental continuities in the relationship of German communism to the nation before and after 1945.

Chronic stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
A. V. DUBOVAYA ◽  
◽  
S. Ya. IAROSHENKO ◽  
O. A. PRILUTSKAYA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Transmission Information ◽  
Class Representative

The article discusses the influence of stress on the development of nervous tissue, in particular, on the synthesis of neurotrophins (by the example of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as the most studied class representative). The biological functions of BDNF are discussed as well as its influence on neuroplasticity and the mechanisms by which the protection of neurons is carried out. The article covers the relationship of the stress-implementing system (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) and its main active agent (cortisol) with the BDNF synthesis system at its various levels: from the inhibition of mRNA formation to the mechanisms of postsynaptic signal transmission. Information is also provided on changes of BDNF levels due to the maternal deprivation. Epigenetic changes under the influence of glucocorticoids are also reported. However, it is not only glucocorticoids that alter the functioning of the neurotrophin system. The article provides examples of the reverse effect, enabling to consider neurotrophins as a substance with an anti-stress function. In conclusion, the authors give examples of activities that, according to research, can stimulate the synthesis of neurotrophic factor in the brain.

Limitations to prediction of maximal oxygen intake

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 919-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loring B. Rowell ◽  
Henry L. Taylor ◽  
Yang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Physical Conditioning ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Intake ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The predictability of maximal O2 intake (max Vo2) was studied in four groups of normal men, 18–24 years of age. Prediction of max Vo2 was made from pulse rate and Vo2 at a single submaximal workload at an ambient temperature of 78 F by use of the nomogram of Åstrand and Ryhming (1954) and underestimated actual max Vo2 by 27 ± 7% and 14 ± 7% in a sedentary group, before and after 2frac12–3 months of physical training, and by 5.6 ȁ 4% in a group of ten endurance athletes. Accuracy of prediction in all groups varied with approximation of pulse rate to 128 beats/min at 50% of max Vo2. Nonspecific stresses increased predictive errors in all groups. Constants b (slope) and A (intercept) in the regression equation Vo2 = bP – A (where P is pulse rate), were determined from Vo2 and pulse measured at four submaximal workloads requiring 13–28 ml O2/kg min. Prediction of max Vo2 by extrapolation of the slope to maximal pulse rate resulted in underestimation of 700–800 ml O2/min. Removal of 14% of circulating hemoglobin decreased max Vo2 by 4% but there was no change in pulse rates or predicted max Vo2. The relationship of RQ to V22 during work provided no reliable basis for prediction of max Vo2. exercise pulse rate, oxygen intake, relationship; pulse rate, oxygen intake relationship in exercise; metabolic rate, maximal aerobic prediction of; aerobic metabolic rate, maximal, prediction of; phlebotomy, effect on maximal oxygen intake, pulse rate; blood loss, effect on maximal oxygen intake, pulse rate; training, effect on maximal oxygen intake, pulse rates; physical conditioning, effect on maximal oxygen intake, pulse rates Submitted on October 4, 1963

Impact of cigarette package warnings on attitudes towards sharing and gifting cigarettes in China: a nationwide study of smokers and non-smokers

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056160
Author(s):  
Yanhui Liao ◽  
Jinsong Tang ◽  
Ann McNeill ◽  
Brian C Kelly ◽  
Joanna E Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cigarette Package

BackgroundSharing and gifting cigarettes are common in China. These social practices promote cigarette consumption, and consequently may reduce quit rates in China. This study investigated sharing and gifting cigarettes, and the relationship of observing pictorial health warnings to attitudes towards sharing and gifting cigarettes in China.MethodsWe conducted an online nationwide cross-sectional study of 9818 adults in China. Experiences of sharing and gifting cigarettes, and attitudes towards sharing and gifting cigarettes before and after viewing text and pictorial health warnings on the packages were assessed, and compared between smokers and non-smokers.ResultsMost current smokers reported experiences of sharing (97%) and gifting (around 90%) cigarettes. Less than half of non-smokers reported sharing cigarettes and receiving gifted cigarettes, but over half (61.4%) gave cigarettes as a gift to others. More than half of non-smokers but less than 10% of smokers disagreed with sharing and gifting cigarettes. After observing both text and pictorial health warnings on the packages, disagreement with sharing and gifting cigarettes increased by more than 10 percentage points among both smokers and non-smokers.ConclusionHaving pictorial health warnings on cigarette packages may reduce sharing and gifting cigarettes in China.

Performance Changing Regularity of No.70 Road Asphalt with Different Aging Time

2013 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Yi Hua Nie ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Li Xin Xu ◽  
Jie Ding
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Aging Time ◽  
Resin Content ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Road Asphalt ◽  
Performance Indexes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Asphalt Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, rolling thin film oven is used to heat No.70 road asphalt to simulate asphalt aging. Six aging time tests of 0min, 40min, 85min, 180min, 240min and 300min were carried and the relationship of asphalt performance indexes before and after aging was got as well as four components. The analysis results indicate that: as the aging time increases, change processes of all performance indexes followed curve of index and the correlation coefficient reached significant level. Changing regularity of asphalt four components are also got: the contents of saturate and aromatic both decrease with the aging time increasing, while asphaltene content and resin content increased and the increasing speed of resin is faster. Key words: No.70 road asphalt; four components; performance index; aging.

Dynamic Aggregation Method of Induction Motors Based on Coherent Characteristics

2014 ◽  
Vol 960-961 ◽  
pp. 1214-1224
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Xiao Dong Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Power ◽  
Induction Motors ◽  
Power System Simulation ◽  
Aggregation Method ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fuzzy C Means Clustering ◽  
Equivalent Motor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Parameters of induction motors have crucial effects on power system simulation. This paper proposes a dynamic aggregation method of induction motors. In this method, firstly, starting off the electromechanical models of induction motors, taking the coefficients of the electromechanical equations and steady state slips of motors as the characteristic vectors, motors are grouped with fuzzy C-means clustering method. Then, electromechanical equations of the equivalent motor are obtained by averaging that of the individual motors in the same group. Finally, parameters of equivalent motors are calculated based on the relationship of transient impedance before and after aggregation, and the principle that active and reactive power loads are equal before and after aggregation. Simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the precision of simulation

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