Shell shock: an outcome study of a First World War ‘PIE’ unit

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDGAR JONES ◽  
ADAM THOMAS ◽  
STEPHEN IRONSIDE
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Outcome Study ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Shell Shock ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Us ◽  
Return To Duty ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

Background. ‘Forward psychiatry’ was introduced by the French Army in 1915 to stem the loss of troops to base hospitals. Also known by the acronym PIE (proximity to the battle, immediacy of treatment and expectancy of recovery, including return to duty), it was subsequently used by the British and Americans in both World Wars. The US Army used PIE techniques in Korea and Vietnam. Although widely accepted as an effective intervention, forward psychiatry is not amenable to random-controlled trials and only one controlled outcome study has been conducted.Method. All 3580 soldiers with shell shock admitted to 4 Stationary Hospital between January and November 1917 were recorded. Unit details, military experience, length of stay and outcomes were analysed. Soldiers were categorized into combat, combat-support and non-combatant groups. Admissions were correlated with military operations to compare the impact of defensive and offensive phases of warfare.Results. Rates of admission for shell shock rose significantly during offensives when physical casualties escalated. Combat troops were disproportionately represented. Over 50% of admissions had less than 9 months service in France and 21% broke down within 3 months of going overseas. Less than 20% returned directly to combat units, most going to other hospitals, convalescent depots or base duties.Conclusions. Forward psychiatry was not effective in returning combat troops to fighting units but, by allocating soldiers to support roles, it prevented discharge from the armed forces. Uncertainties remain about relapses, including other routes that servicemen used to escape from a combat zone.

scholarly journals Мilitary actions of 1914–1915 and their influence and ethnopolitical situation of ukrainians / ruthenians in the Сarpathian region

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Petro Кostyuchok
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The purpose of this article is to study the impact of military operations 1914-1915 on the ethnopolitical position of Ukrainians / Rusyns in the Carpathian region. These transformational processes have modified the primary social, political, economic, cultural and ethnic structure, which was not previously devoted to individual scientific research, therefore, the proposed the study contains thematic novelty. The First World War for Ukrainians became a turning point in paths to collective political mobilization and a certain group ethnic identification. Sources and methodology. The article, based on a wide range of sources, comprehensively, in a comparative way, analyzed ethnopolitical situation of Ukrainians / Rusyns in the Carpathian region and the influence of military actions is characterized 1914-1915 to the local population of the region. Conclusions. The publication shows the correlation between the influence of the factor of war and the corresponding military clashes of 1914-1915. in the Carpathian region on all kinds of discrimination. Carpathian mountaineers, both at the socio-economic and political levels. At the same time, we state that both warring parties resorted to persecution of Ukrainians / Rusyns of the region for political and ethnic reasons.

scholarly journals Six O’Clock in Princes Street

2019 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Method ◽  
World War ◽  
War Poetry ◽  
Shell Shock ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Innovative Work ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The First World War poet, 2nd Lieutenant Wilfred Owen, is remembered for his powerful testimony of war via his anti-war poetry. However, there has been limited focused investigation of Owen’s four months in Edinburgh between 26 June 1917 and 3/4 November 1917 and the impact of that period. Owen was in Edinburgh convalescing from ‘shell-shock’ at Craiglockhart War Hospital; his doctor called it ‘re-education’.1 Fresh research and analysis has been able to confirm the Scottish inspiration of a number of aspects of Owen’s poetry: from Owen’s first visit to Scotland, holidaying in 1912, and his four-month stay in Edinburgh in the latter half of 1917. During late 1917 Owen was able to craft some of the most poignant war poetry of the century, if not all time. That writing was made possible by the Edinburgh environment and important meetings in the social circles he benefited from in the city. It was facilitated by innovative ‘work’ cures, or ergotherapy, being implemented at Craiglockhart by Edinburgh-based physician Dr Arthur John Brock. Brock had been inspired in his medical thinking by Professor Sir Patrick Geddes. Geddes would evolve sociologist Le Play’s Lieu, Travail et Famille heuristic method and propose three themes as determinants of society: Place, Work and Folk. Geddes’ sociological survey model provides useful lenses for a more in-depth consideration of the socio-cultural impact of Edinburgh and its people on Owen and his writing.

تطورات رومانيا الداخلية وسياستها الخارجية أبان الحرب العالمية الاولى حتى احتلال بخارست (آب 1914 – كانون الاول 1916)

لارك ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
فهد عويد عبد
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
First World

The Balkan region in general and Romania in particular have witnessed major political developments during the First World War. Suffice it to say that the first outbreak of war began from the Balkans, namely Sarajevo, and ended in the Balkans, where the last peace treaties were signed with the surrender of Bulgaria on September 29, 1918. Years of War The Balkans were generally a theater in which the armies of the belligerents demonstrated their military capabilities. Moreover, in the same period, both sides of the conflict (the Axis Powers or the Wafd States) were struggling to obtain the support of the Balkans, including Romania, Sugary, political and economic, both on military operations or planed Supply issues or control over trade routes, and on the other side of Romania was seeking for its part to take advantage of the chance of war to the maximum extent possible to achieve the national dream of achieving political unity.

EDUCATIONAL-TRAINING FACILITIES OF GROUND US FORCES

2019 ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
D.B. Izyumov ◽  
E.L. Kondratyuk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Training ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Us ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
Army Personnel

The article discusses issues related to the development and use of training means and facilities in order to improve the level of training of US Army personnel. An overview of the main simulators used in the US Armed Forces at present is given, and the prospects for the development of the United States in this area are presented.

II. Policy Formulation for National Security

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney W. Souers
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Security ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Military Campaign

The National Security Council, created by the National Security Act of 1947, is the instrument through which the President obtains the collective advice of the appropriate officials of the executive branch concerning the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to the national security. An outline of the genesis of this new governmental agency will indicate in part its present rôle.Even before World War II, a few far-sighted men were seeking for a means of correlating our foreign policy with our military and economic capabilities. During the war, as military operations began to have an increasing political and economic effect, the pressure for such a correlation increased. It became apparent that the conduct of the war involved more than a purely military campaign to defeat the enemy's armed forces. Questions arose of war aims, of occupational policies, of relations with governments-in-exile and former enemy states, of the postwar international situation with its implications for our security, and of complicated international machinery.

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