Distinct neural mechanisms of emotional processing in prolonged grief disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Bryant ◽  
Elpiniki Andrew ◽  
Mayuresh S. Korgaonkar
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Subliminal Processing ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has recently been recognized as a separate psychiatric diagnosis, despite controversy over the extent to which it is distinctive from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods This study investigated distinctive neural processes underpinning emotion processing in participants with PGD, PTSD, and MDD with functional magnetic resonance study of 117 participants that included PGD (n = 21), PTSD (n = 45), MDD (n = 26), and bereaved controls (BC) (n = 25). Neural responses were measured across the brain while sad, happy, or neutral faces were presented at both supraliminal and subliminal levels. Results PGD had greater activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), bilateral insula, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and right caudate and also greater pgACC–right pallidum connectivity relative to BC during subliminal processing of happy faces. PGD was distinct relative to both PTSD and MDD groups with greater recruitment of the medial orbitofrontal cortex during supraliminal processing of sad faces. PGD were also distinct relative to MDD (but not PTSD) with greater activation in the left amygdala, caudate, and putamen during subliminal presentation of sad faces. There was no distinction between PGD, PTSD, and MDD during processing of happy faces. Conclusions These results provide initial evidence of distinct neural profiles of PGD relative to related psychopathological conditions, and highlight activation of neural regions implicated in reward networks. This pattern of findings validates current models of PGD that emphasize the roles of yearning and appetitive processes in PGD.

Creativity of the Dream and Sleep State

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stickgold
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Full Speed ◽  
Stored Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep that evolved in part to provide a privileged time in each day when the brain is disconnected from sensory input and freed of intentional, directed thought. The neurochemistry and neurophysiology of the brain during REM sleep is optimized for the exploration of normally ignored connections and associations within the brain’s vast repertoire of stored information. This includes changes in the activity of dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and medial orbital frontal cortices and the hippocampus, and reductions in norepinephrine and increases in acetylcholine in the cortex. This exploration of normally weak associations is critical to the creative process, and REM sleep can thus be considered a period of unbridled creativity. Much of this creative process is reflected in the content of dreams. Even without waking dream recall, changes within associative networks produced by the brain mechanisms of dream construction can leave these brain networks—and the individual—primed for reactivation at a later time, leading to the “discovery” of creative insights. Some, but not all, of these brain changes are also seen during periods of quiet rest with activation of the default mode network (DMN). When active, this network can likewise provide a state of enhanced creativity. Nevertheless, REM sleep and dreaming provide a protected two hours every day when creative processes run at full speed.

scholarly journals Intelligence moderates reinforcement learning: a mini-review of the neural evidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 3459-3461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Neural Signal ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Our understanding of the neural basis of reinforcement learning and intelligence, two key factors contributing to human strivings, has progressed significantly recently. However, the overlap of these two lines of research, namely, how intelligence affects neural responses during reinforcement learning, remains uninvestigated. A mini-review of three existing studies suggests that higher IQ (especially fluid IQ) may enhance the neural signal of positive prediction error in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum, several brain substrates of reinforcement learning or intelligence.

scholarly journals Gangguan Depresi Mayor: Mini Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indriono Hadi ◽  
Fitri Wijayanti ◽  
Reni Devianti Usman ◽  
Lilin Rosyanti
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Usual Activity ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Susceptibility Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
History Of Depression

Depression is a condition of a person feeling sad, disappointed when experiencing a change, loss, failure and becoming pathological when unable to adapt. Depression is a condition that affects a person affectively, physiologically, cognitively and behaviorally thus changing the usual patterns and responses. Major Depressive Disorder is a heterogeneous disease characterized by feelings of depression, anhedonia, changes in cognitive function, changes in sleep, changes in appetite, guilt that occur over two weeks, described with a loss of interest or pleasure in the usual activity and is a disease with neurobiological consequences involving structural, functional and molecular changes in some areas of the brain. Maladaptive neural responses, social, psychological, and physiological rejections interact with each other with other susceptibility factors, such as a history of depression, life stress levels, genetic factors, will increase a person's susceptibility to depression. Catatan PenerbitPolekkes Kemenkes Kendari menyatakan tetap netral sehubungan dengan klaim dari perspektif atau buah pikiran yang diterbitkan dan dari afiliasi institusional manapun.

Diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder (PGD)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison M. Marziliano ◽  
Wendy G. Lichtenthal ◽  
Holly G. Prigerson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Made In

This chapter provides a synthesis and up-to-date summary of studies on prolonged grief disorder (PGD)—an intense, persistent, and disabling response to loss experienced by a significant minority of bereaved individuals. Circumstances surrounding cause of death, relationship with the deceased, and predisposing characteristics of the bereaved individual increase the risk of PGD. PGD is associated with adverse health outcomes, and often is comorbid with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has proven effective in prevention and intervention efforts. Novel interventions have been adapted for subgroups of bereaved samples. New efforts to derive the clinical utility of PGD to create a common dialogue among professionals have been made. Although great strides have been made in developing clinically useful criteria for PGD, future research would benefit from extension to new cultural contexts, and further examination of the clinical utility of the PGD diagnosis.

Neural Structure and Organization of Mood Pathology

2016 ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Brianne Disabato ◽  
Isabelle E. Bauer ◽  
Jair C. Soares ◽  
Yvette Sheline
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are among the world’s leading causes of disability. This chapter highlights the importance of neuroimaging in understanding their neural mechanisms. Depression affects limbic-corticostriatopallidothalamic regions. Structurally, depressed subjects showed increased volume of lesions in white matter (WMH) and decreased gray matter in prefrontal-striatum, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate cortices, and hippocampus. Functionally, depressed subjects showed abnormal activation in amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex and dsyconnectivity in executive and emotional networks. BD was associated with frontocingulate, limbic-striatal, and hippocampus abnormalities. Specifically, BD subjects showed increased WMH in frontocortical and subcortical areas and altered microstructure in limbic-striatal, cingulate, thalamus, corpus callosum, and prefrontal regions. Functionally, abnormal activations in dorsolateral prefrontal and ventrolimbic regions, hypoconnectivity in the cinguloinsularopercular, mesoparalimbic, and cerebellar networks, and hyperconnectivity in affective and executive networks were also observed. These studies show congruence. Full integration of them would allow better understanding of mood disorders.

scholarly journals Different Neural Responses to a Moral Valence Decision Task in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Radaelli ◽  
Sara Dallaspezia ◽  
Sara Poletti ◽  
Enrico Smeraldi ◽  
Andrea Falini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
Medial Pfc ◽  
Moral Valence

Objectives. Patients affected by bipolar disorder (BP) and major depressive disorder (UP) share the susceptibility to experience depression and differ in their susceptibility to mania, but clinical studies suggest that the biological substrates of the two disorders could influence the apparently similar depressive phases. The few brain imaging studies available described different brain metabolic and neural correlates of UP and BP. Methods. We studied the BOLD neural response to a moral valence decision task targeting the depressive biases in information processing in 36 subjects (14 BP, 11 UP, and 11 controls). Results. Main differences between UP and controls and between UP and BP were detected in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC, BA 47). Neural responses of BP patients differed from those of control subjects in multiple brain areas, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial PFC, bilateral dorsolateral PFC, temporal cortex and insula, and parietal and occipital cortex. Conclusions. Our results are in agreement with hypotheses of dysfunctions in corticolimbic circuitries regulating affects and emotions in mood disorders and suggest that specific abnormalities, particularly in ventrolateral PFC, are not the same in UP and BP depression.

scholarly journals Clinical implications of co‐occurring prolonged grief disorder in patients with treatment‐resistant major depressive disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-304
Author(s):  
Sidney Zisook ◽  
Somaia Mohamad ◽  
Gary Johnson ◽  
Ilanit Tal ◽  
Gerardo Villarreal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief

scholarly journals Brain Responsivity to Emotional Faces Differs in Alcoholic Men and Women

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Oscar-Berman ◽  
Susan Mosher Ruiz ◽  
Ksenija Marinkovic ◽  
Mary M. Valmas ◽  
Gordon J. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Neuropsychological Dysfunction ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
The Right ◽  
Emotional Face

AbstractInclusion of women in alcoholism research has shown that gender differences contribute to unique profiles of cognitive, emotional, and neuropsychological dysfunction. We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of abstinent long-term alcoholics (21 women [ALCw] and 21 men [ALCm]) and demographically-similar nonalcoholic controls (21 women [NCw] and 21 men [NCm]) to explore how gender and alcoholism interact to influence emotional processing and memory. Participants completed a delayed match-to-sample emotional face memory fMRI task. While the results corroborated reports implicating amygdalar, superior temporal, and cerebellar involvement in emotional processing overall, the alcoholic participants showed hypoactivation of the left intraparietal sulcus to encoding the identity of the emotional face stimuli. The nonalcoholic participants demonstrated more reliable gender differences in neural responses to encoding the identity of the emotional faces than did the alcoholic group, and widespread neural responses to these stimuli were more pronounced in the NCw than in the NCm. By comparison, gender differences among ALC participants were either smaller or in the opposite direction (higher brain activation in ALCm than ALCw). Specifically, Group by Gender interaction effects indicated stronger responses to emotional faces by ALCm than ALCw in the left superior frontal gyrus and the right inferior frontal sulcus, while NCw had stronger responses than NCm. However, this pattern was inconsistent throughout the brain, with results suggesting the reverse direction of gender effects in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex. Together, these findings demonstrated that gender plays a significant role in the profile of functional brain abnormalities observed in alcoholism.

scholarly journals Emotion regulation through bifocal processing of fear inducing and disgust inducing stimuli

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Wittfoth ◽  
Antonia Pfeiffer ◽  
Michael Bohne ◽  
Heinrich Lanfermann ◽  
Matthias Wittfoth
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Stimulus Type ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Regulatory Effects

Abstract Background We present first-time evidence for the immediate neural and behavioral effects of bifocal emotional processing via visualized tapping for two different types of negative emotions (fear and disgust) in a sample of healthy participants. Results Independent of stimulus type, neural activation in the amygdala is increased during regulation, while activation in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex is decreased. Behavioral responses, as well as lateral and medial occipital regions and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show differential regulatory effects with respect to stimulus type. Conclusions Our findings suggest that emotion regulation through bifocal processing has a neural and behavioral signature that is distinct from previously investigated emotion regulation strategies. They support theoretical models of facilitated access to and processing of emotions during bifocal processing and suggest differential neural and behavioral effects for various types of negative emotions.

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