14C Dating of an Israelite Biblical Site at Kuntillet Ajrud (Horvat Teman)

The Israelite site of Kuntillet Ajrud in northern Sinai contains unique drawings and inscriptions in ancient Hebrew and Phoenician. It is a single-phase site dated archaeologically to ca. 800 bce. We considered this site a good test case for comparing archaeological with 14C datings. The dates are in agreement, confirming that 14C dating is useful in dating Iron-Age II sites.

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The History of the Judahite Bench Tomb

10.1093/oso/9780190844738.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Suriano

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Hebrew Bible ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Seventh Century ◽

Mortuary Practices ◽

Iron Age Ii ◽

Gradual Development ◽

History Of ◽

The Dead ◽

Insight Into

The history of the Judahite bench tomb provides important insight into the meaning of mortuary practices, and by extension, death in the Hebrew Bible. The bench tomb appeared in Judah during Iron Age II. Although it included certain burial features that appear earlier in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, such as burial benches, and the use of caves for extramural burials, the Judahite bench tomb uniquely incorporated these features into a specific plan that emulated domestic structures and facilitated multigenerational burials. During the seventh century, and continuing into the sixth, the bench tombs become popular in Jerusalem. The history of this type of burial shows a gradual development of cultural practices that were meant to control death and contain the dead. It is possible to observe within these cultural practices the tomb as a means of constructing identity for both the dead and the living.

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Flurbiprofen: A Study of the Behavior of the Scalemate by Chromatography, Sublimation, and NMR

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13040543 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 543

Author(s):

Magdalena Kwiatkowska ◽

Alicja Wzorek ◽

Anna Kolbus ◽

Mariusz Urbaniak ◽

Jianlin Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relaxation Time ◽

Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography ◽

Transverse Relaxation Time ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Test Case ◽

Ionization Mass ◽

Chiral Drugs ◽

Good Test ◽

Exclusion Chromatography ◽

Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography

2-(2-Fluoro-4-biphenyl) propionic acid (flurbiprofen), from the phenylalkanoic acid family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s), is currently on the pharmaceutical market as a racemate. This racemic compound was tested for its propensity to undergo the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) phenomenon by various forms of chromatography (SDEvC), such as routine gravity-driven column chromatography, medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), as well as by sublimation (SDEvS). Furthermore, examination by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in various solvents found that flurbiprofen exhibited the phenomenon of self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism (SIDA). By measurement of the diffusion coefficient (D), the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), and the transverse relaxation time (T2) using NMR, as well as by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) examinations, the preferred intermolecular association was found to be solvent dependent, e.g., heterochiral association was preferred in toluene, while homochiral association was preferred in more polar solvents. This study also attempted, unsuccessfully, to correlate the NMR measurements of flurbiprofen with chromatographic outcomes for the rationalization and prediction of chromatographic results based on NMR measurements. Because the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the acid groups in flurbiprofen overwhelmingly predominates over other intermolecular interactions, flurbiprofen seemed to represent a good test case for this idea. The behavior of scalemic samples of flurbiprofen is important, as, although it is currently dispensed as a racemate, clinical applications of the R enantiomer have been investigated. SDEvC and SDEvS both have ramifications for the preparation, handling, and storage of enantioenriched flurbiprofen, and this concern applies to other chiral drugs as well.

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Thinking Through Monuments: Levantine Monuments as Technologies of Community-Scale Motivated Social Cognition

Cambridge Archaeological Journal ◽

10.1017/s0959774321000020 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Timothy Hogue

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Iron Age ◽

Explanatory Power ◽

Test Case ◽

Conceptual Blending ◽

Scientific Model ◽

Conceptual Integration ◽

Iron Age Levant ◽

Relational Qualities ◽

Motivated Social Cognition

This study proposes that monuments are technologies through which communities think. I draw on conceptual blending theory as articulated by Mark Turner and Gilles Fauconnier to argue that monuments are material anchors for conceptual integration networks. The network model highlights that monuments are embedded in specific spatial and socio-historical contexts while also emphasizing that they function relationally by engaging the imaginations of communities. An enactivist understanding of these networks helps to explain the generative power of monuments as well as how they can become dynamic and polysemic. By proposing a cognitive scientific model for such relational qualities, this approach also has the advantage of making them more easily quantifiable. I present a test case of monumental installations from the Iron Age Levant (the ceremonial plaza of Karkamiš) to develop this approach and demonstrate its explanatory power. I contend that the theory and methods introduced here can make future accounts of monuments more precise while also opening up new avenues of research into monuments as a technology of motivated social cognition that is enacted on a community-scale.

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The Element שלם in Hebrew Personal Names in the Land of Israel during the Iron Age ii Period

Vetus Testamentum ◽

10.1163/15685330-12301214 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 567-587 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Mitka R. Golub

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Political Affiliation ◽

Personal Names ◽

Iron Age Ii ◽

The Bible ◽

Deceased Child ◽

Divine Name ◽

Biblical Sources ◽

Land Of Israel

In this study, I investigated all personal names with the element שלם in the Land of Israel during the Iron Age ii period. I collected the names from archaeological and biblical sources, analyzed and compared their distribution according to geography, chronology, and political affiliation. The results show that while שלם is a popular element in Judah from the eighth to the early sixth centuries, it is absent from Israel. The element שלם in unvocalized names from archaeological sources is interpreted mostly as ‘replacement, substitute’ (for the deceased child). However, the popularity of the element שלם solely in Judah may indicate that שלם was used more often than we assume as a divine name referring to YHWH, as do all other Judean popular names. In addition, the comparison between the names from archaeological and biblical sources may be interpreted to indicate that the Bible reflects Judean and not Israelite onomastic traditions.

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Desert Habitation History by 14C Dating of Soil Layers in Rural Building Structures (Negev, Israel): Preliminary Results from Horvat Haluqim

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/s0033822200047160 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 54 (3-4) ◽

pp. 391-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hendrik J Bruins ◽

Johannes van der Plicht ◽

Mordechai Haiman

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Iron Age ◽

Negev Desert ◽

Building Structures ◽

Building Structure ◽

Relative Probability ◽

14C Dating ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Human Habitation

Traditional archaeological approaches in the central Negev Desert used to employ excavation techniques in post-prehistoric periods in which stratigraphy is based on architecture, while material culture forms the basis for dating assessment and chronology. Such an approach was understandable, as it focused on the most visible remains of past human habitation. However, the detailed habitation record is in the soil rather than in the walls. Moreover, ceramics and stone tools in desert cultures often have limited time resolution in terms of absolute chronology. The rural desert site of Horvat Haluqim in the central Negev yielded 2 habitation periods with the traditional methodology: (1) Roman period, 2nd–3rd centuries CE; (2) Iron Age IIA, 10th century BCE. We have conducted at Horvat Haluqim initial excavations in small building remains that were never excavated before. Our excavation methodology focuses on detailed examination of the archaeological soil in building structures, coupled with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating for chronology, and micromorphology of undisturbed soil samples to study stratigraphy and soil contents at the microscopic scale. Here, we report preliminary results, concentrating on the 14C dates. These suggest a much longer habitation history at the site during the Iron Age. The 14C dates obtained so far from these building remains cover Iron Age I, II, III, and the Persian period. The oldest calibrated date (charred C4 plants) in a rectangular building structure (L100) is 1129–971 BCE (60.5%, highest relative probability). The youngest calibrated date in a round building structure (L700) is 540–411 BCE (57.9%, highest relative probability). This excavation methodology provides additional “eyes” to look at past human habitation in the Negev Desert, seeing more periods and more detail than was possible with traditional schemes and ceramic dating.

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