scholarly journals Art. X.—An Account of the Paper Currency and Banking System of Fuhchowfoo

1852 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Parkes
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Regular Paper ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
The Late Ming Dynasty ◽  
The Government

Among the various wonderful inventions, marking the astonishing advances which the Chinese had so early made towards civilization, is that of Paper-Money, which dates as far back as the year 119 before our era. The cause that led to its introduction was the low state of the finances of the Government, who, after various other experiments, issued at last regular paper assignats, which, from the ponderous nature of the rude coin then in use, and the security that the warranty of government afforded, soon obtained extensive circulation. The government who had thus introduced this new currency, made it an object of much legislation; and various were the schemes that were started and remoulded, in the hope of permanently establishing its use. But the numerous intestine wars, and the repeated subversion of dynasties that followed, tended seriously to detract from the credit of the government; and thus, owing to its bad faith, and the excessive issues, a complete failure of the system was the result, after a lapse of five centuries having been spent in unsuccessful attempts to establish it. Government paper-money seems to have disappeared in the early part of the late Ming dynasty; and the Manchus, on their accession, never attempted to revive its use. To Klaproth we are indebted for very elaborate researches on this interesting and oft-discussed subject.

scholarly journals 批評與課士：晚明館課評點的特色與文化意義

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (33) ◽  
pp. 109-140
Author(s):  
連文萍 連文萍
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Imperial Examination ◽  
The Late Ming Dynasty ◽  
The Government ◽  
Imperial Examinations

<p>館課評點是對館課的閱讀及寫作指導，本文討論其形式、體例、原則、目的與著錄。館課評點與晚明其他文體的評點相類，具有自由隨興的表現，也有托名作偽的問題，但因評點者署為館師、閣師，肩負教習庶吉士的權責，其評點以臺閣規模為衡量，以儒家內聖外王、經世濟民為理想，故由課士育才而針砭文體士風之衰，欲導正士習與世道，具有政治目的。惟館課評點雖具政治目的，實際則側重於文學性的鑑賞，反映館閣復古風尚，莊重平穩有餘，對庶吉士擬策施政能力的提昇相對有限。對於公眾而言，館課評點塑造著館閣「實境」的想像，足以強化舉子的應舉心態，吸引他們揣摩擬寫，以待登入館閣，獲得名公獎拔，故為應舉教育的一環，襄贊著科舉文化的源遠流長。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>&ldquo;Guanke Pingdian&rdquo; is a literature genre that comprises the academicians&rsquo; commentaries and guidance on the students&rsquo; reading and writing in the Guanke courses. This paper discusses its forms, styles, principles, purposes, and problems with authorship. &ldquo;Guanke Pingdian&rdquo; is similar to commentaries on other literature genres in the late Ming dynasty, with a style of spontaneity and the same problem of falsified authorship in disguise of other authors&rsquo; name. However, the authors were being entitled as academicians, who were given the rights and responsibilities to teach &ldquo;shujishi&rdquo; who would have a chance of being promoted to become high rank officials in the government. Therefore the authors of commentaries and guidance would consider the size of existing bureaucrat and promote the Confucian ideal of &ldquo;being sage inside and being kingly outside&rdquo; and &ldquo;to govern and benefit the people&rdquo;. They were politically motivated and intended to educate the students, criticize the decline of literati ethos, and correct the scholar’s habits and manners. Nevertheless, their commentaries and guidance were focused on evaluating literary achievements, reflecting the academicians&rsquo; tendency to return to the ancients and emphasize being solemn and stable. By contrast, they were limited in enhancing the shujishi&rsquo;s capacity of policy making and administration. To the public, &ldquo;Guanke Pingdian&rdquo; shaped the imagination about the &quot;reality&quot; of the Guanke academy and strengthened the students&rsquo; desire to sit for the imperial examinations, so that the students were attracted to write in a similar style to the commentaries and guidance, in the hope that they will be promoted to join the imperial academy. Therefore, &ldquo;Guanke Pingdian&rdquo; is part of the imperial examination, indicating the long lasting legacy of Chinese imperial examination.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Art. II.—On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keu-yung kwan, in North China

1870 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
The Government ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Great Wall

Travellers from the city of Peking to the town of Kalgan on the great wall of China, must make the journey by the rugged defile known as the Nankow Pass. Five miles north of the entrance, where the village of Nankow stands, is the smaller village of Keu-yung kwan. Fortifications there run up the steep slopes of the mountains on both sides of the valley; and besides arched gateways at the two ends of the village, the highway passes under a limestone archway of a much more striking appearance. This is covered with mythological and symbolic sculptures of obviously Indian origin. The tradition of the natives in the neighbourhood asserts it to have been the basement story of a pagoda which stood there; and the name by which it is still designated, Kwŏ keae t'à, “Pagoda crossing the street,” bears out the statement. We are told that this pagoda, though erected for the benefit of the locality, proved an object of such terror to the superstitious Mongols, coming south from their native wilds, that they could not be induced to pass under the ominous-looking structure; and thus it was found necessary in the early part of the Ming dynasty, to remove the upper stories of the erection; the policy of the government being to conciliate and attract these wild nomades.

The Rhodesian Front and the African National Council

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Tony Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
National Council ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Flexible Response ◽  
The Government

In most countries ordinary people do not appreciate the sheer guile of their political leaders. Rhodesia is no exception. The dealings between the government and the African National Council confirm it. The government interrupted its dialogue with the ANC by detaining thirty-three senior ANC officials without trial, effectively destroying the cohesion of the only black political organization in the country. To the white voter, who sees no further than the surface of events, the detentions represented a simple exercise of executive power. In fact the government could not act in as sudden and arbitrary a fashion as that. It had to choose the time for its action with care, and to some extent it had to prepare the white electorate to accept what happened without question. The government also had to conceal its true intentions from the ANC without resorting to outright falsehood. Finally, it had to leave itself free to make a flexible response to the sort of unpredictable events which inevitably occur in political life and which often wreck the most carefully drafted plans. Formulating a policy to meet these contradictory objectives without giving the appearance of bad faith required much guile. The outcome, in the short term at least, was success.

Banking and Economic Growth in Sweden before World War I

1978 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars G. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War I ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
World War ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
History Of

The article sketches the history of Swedish commercial banking from 1656 until World War I, with special attention to the post-1850 period. Emphasis is placed on the relationships between economic growth and banking. International comparisons based on the quantitative measures developed by Rondo Cameron and Raymond Goldsmith are made. It is concluded that at all stages of its early industrialization Sweden had a remarkably large and efficient banking system. This, in turn, was largely the result of the general population's long experience with banking and paper money and their generally high levels of literacy and education.

Violation of Treaties by Adverse National Action

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denys P. Myers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Adverse Action ◽  
Vital Interest ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Character

The shade of distinction sought to be shown by the title of this paper may require explanation. Imperfect wording involves either carelessness or ignorance; bad faith indicates dishonesty; nonexecution or disregard implies laxness in the government, if not carelessness; adverse or hostile municipal or judicial action connotes lack of coordination between the internal and external affairs of the State. It follows that such adverse action may be considered from a practical point of view as almost a normal kind of violence against international contracts. It is not to be excused on that account, but it may be considered as a frictional incident almost inseparable under some conditions from the existence of a State. Given either a government of definitely separated elements, such as the United States, or a government without much stability, or a State founded on a type of civilization different from the European order, and this sort of violation of treaty may be forecasted with certainty. Fortunately, however, the instances that cause contractual friction of this sort are of the grosser kinds of personal violence, or are commercial; they are not of a political character, cannot be said to involve policy, and only by a stretch of the imagination involve the tweedledum and tweedledee of international relations, “national honor and vital interest.” They are consequently extremely susceptible to simple and orderly solution.

scholarly journals Passing Off yang Dilakukan Oleh Pihak yang Beritikad Tidak Baik Melalui Pemakaian Nama Perseroan Terbatas

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 100-118
Author(s):  
Kimham Pentakosta ◽  
Elly Hernawati
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Trademark Registration ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Legal Administration

This paper focuses on the similarity of functions between Trademarks and Limited Liability Company Name, namely quality assurance function, which enables both to provide a guarantee on the reputation of goods and/or services offered to the consumer. Such similarity of functions between those two different legal terminology opens a loophole for any party, based on bad faith, to conduct passing off towards a registered trademarks owned by another party through the use of a limited liability company name. This paper shows the urgency of a harmonization and integration between the mechanism of applying for Trademark registration and the submission of the name of a limited liability company in Indonesia. Therefore, this paper will examine and criticize the laws and regulations relating to the two terminology above, inter alia the Law Number 20 of 2016 regarding Trademarks and Geographical Indications and the Government Regulation Number 43 of 2011 regarding Procedures for Filing and Use of Limited Liability Company Name. This paper concludes that the government of the Republic of Indonesia must immediately amend the regulation on the requirements for submitting the name of a limited liability company, by requiring the Directorate General of General Legal Administration to reject the name of a limited liability company that uses a name that has been registered as a brand by another party.

scholarly journals Too Much Technology and Too Little Regulation? The Spectacular Demise of P2P Lending in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding Chen ◽  
Simon Deakin ◽  
Andrew Johnston ◽  
Boya Wang
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Banking Activity ◽  
P2p Lending ◽  
Fundamental Uncertainty ◽  
The Government ◽  
Specific Regulation

Abstract In this paper we trace the rapid growth and spectacular demise of online peer to peer lending in China. Drawing on a series of interviews conducted in China in 2017 and 2018, we follow the expansion of the sector from the establishment of the first major platform in 2007, through the introduction of limited regulation in 2015 in response to a series of platform failures to the final de facto closure of the whole sector by the regulator in 2019–20. However, contrary to claims that technology would reduce risk, the new platforms appear to have given rise to new risks by connecting dispersed borrowers and lenders whilst the regulator had decided to leave the sector to evolve without specific regulation. While there were hopes that P2P lending might increase flows of finance to the SMEs that are excluded from the formal banking system, ultimately too much of the activity on the P2P platforms was characterised by what we term ‘transactional ambiguity’ and ‘legal fluidity’: it occurred on the fringes of legality, often amounting to Ponzi schemes, fraud or unlicensed banking activity. In contrast to the banking sector, where their intermediation role ensures that banks are the focal point in the event of borrower default, and conventional moneylending, where moneylenders bear the risk of default, defaults and platform failures in the P2P sector distributed losses far and wide around the country, often to lenders who were not capable of bearing them. Whilst the central government did not formally stand behind the P2P sector (as it does with banks because of the systemic implications of their operations), the government could not help but become involved where P2P lending transmitted losses to lenders who were dispersed around the whole country. Ultimately, central government announced a wholesale reversal of policy that led to the sector effectively being closed down. The episode cautions against overly optimistic claims that technology can eradicate the risks of fraud and fundamental uncertainty inherent in lending, and reminds us that, without appropriate regulation and adequate internal controls, financial institutions will always operate in ways that result in instability.

scholarly journals DEFIBRILLATORS OF EXPECTED MINES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: LESSONS OF THE CRISIS

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Bohdan LUTSIV
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Policy Paradigm ◽  
Loan Portfolios ◽  
National Bank ◽  
The Government

Introduction. The effective functioning of the banking system determines the stability of the monetary market in the country. Stability and transparency of functioning and effective management are a guarantee of growth of deposits and attractiveness for investors. However, in recent years, the Ukrainian banking system is in a state of recession and does not fulfil the functions assigned to it. This led to the need for a so-called “purge” of the banking system and led to significant losses for both banks and for all the country’s economists. The instability that resulted from the crisis has caused even more distrust from people to banks. The main problems of the banking system of Ukraine in recent years is the curtailment of lending, a significant deterioration in the quality of loan portfolios, the reduction of its own capital and loss-making activity. Purpose. There is an analysis of the current post-crisis situation and expectations of changes in the development of the banking system of Ukraine in accordance with the new monetary policy paradigm. Results. The last economic crisis (2014–2015) is not generated by the banking system itself, but rather by economical quality. The policy of the Government and the monetary policy of the National Bank of Ukraine. Ukrainian banks are heavy and burdened with a large share of unprofitable loans, and the banking system itself is highly concentrated but not sufficiently consolidated. At the beginning of the crisis, the state of the banking sector was characterized by fictitious capitalization of banks, the involvement of the business of its shareholders, the with drawal of regulator refinancing, huge volumes of “garbage” securities in bank portfolios, etc. The National Bank of Ukraine has resorted to a “purge” of the banking system, in which the subjectivity and opacity appeared. The whole burden of reimbursing the costs associated with the withdrawal from the market of bankrupt banks took upon itself the fund for guaranteeing deposits of individuals. The influence of state banks on the general state of banking sector reform and ways to improve corporate governance in state banks is shown. The so-called defibrillators of changes which are expected in the near future in development of the banking system of Ukraine are defined. Conclusions. At present, the banking system of Ukraine demonstrates the following key trends: the end of the “bankruptcy” period; the problem of improvement of loan portfolios and optimization of operations with the bonds of an internal state loan is acute; the need for a substantial reduction of state participation in the banking system.

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