Disproportionate Distribution of HBV Genotypes A and D and the Recombinant Genotype D/E in the High and Low HBV Endemic Regions of Uganda: A Wake-Up Call for Regional Specific HBV Management

Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of liver-related diseases. In Uganda, there is a regional disparity in the HBV burden. Our study was aimed at establishing the circulating genotypes in a low and a high endemic region to give plausible explanations for the differences in regional burden and guide the future management of the disease. Methods. A total of 200 HBsAg-seropositive subjects were recruited into the study by convenience sampling. The HBsAg Rapid Test Strip (Healgen Scientific Limited Liability Company, Houston, TX77047- USA) was used to screen for HBsAg while the Roche machine (Roche, Basel Switzerland/Abbot Technologies (USA)) was used to determine the viral load. The Chemistry Analyzer B120 (Mindray, China) was used for chemistry analysis. For HBV genotyping, total DNA was extracted from whole blood using the QIAamp® DNA extraction kit. Nested PCR amplification was performed using Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen Corporation, USA) to amplify the 400 bp HBV polymerase gene. Purification of nested PCR products was performed using Purelink PCR product purification kit (Life Technologies, USA). Automated DNA sequencing was performed using BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit on 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The NCBI HBV genotyping tool (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genotyping/formpage.cgi) was used for determination of genotype for each HBV sequence. Pearson’s chi-square, multinomial logistic regression, and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for the analysis. All the analyses were done using SPSS version 26.0 and MedCalc software version 19.1.3 at 95% CI. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Majority of our study subjects were female (64.5%), youth (51.0%), and married (62.0%). Overall, genotype A was the most prevalent (46%). Genotype D and the recombinant genotype D/E were proportionately more distributed in the high endemic (38.2%) and low endemic (36.5%) regions, respectively. Genotype D was significantly more prevalent in the high endemic region and among the elderly ( p < 0.05 ). Genotype D was significantly associated with elevated viral load and direct bilirubin ( p < 0.05 ). The recombinant genotype D/E was significantly associated with elevated viral load ( p < 0.05 ). Similarly, genotype A was significantly associated with elevated AST and GGT, lowered viral load, and normal direct bilirubin levels ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. There is disproportionate distribution of genotypes A and D and the recombinant genotype D/E in the low and high endemic regions of Uganda. This probably could explain the differences in endemicity of HBV in our country signifying the need for regional specific HBV management and control strategies.

DAMPAK COVID-19 TERHADAP INDEK HARGA SAHAM IDX BUMN20 TAHUN 2020

This article analyzes the impact of stock price efficiency on the Covid-19 event in 2020. As a capital market tool, shares are interpreted as evidence that a person has equity participation in a company or limited liability company. The emergence of the impact of Covid-19 on the price index is detrimental to the country's economy. State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN), which are the drivers of economic growth, has also been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. This analysis needs to be carried out to find out the impact of Covid-19 on the stock price of IDX BUMN20 regarding the effects before and before the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus in Indonesia in 2020. The research method used is exploratory descriptive with a quantitative approach and the data collected is descriptive. Secondary data from the IDX and the Central Statistics Agency regarding the condition of economic growth and the SOE stock price index in 2020. Based on the results obtained, the first conclusion is that Indonesia's economic growth from 2019 was 5.02% and in 2020 was 2.07%, so that economic growth decreased from 2019 to 2020 by 2.95. Furthermore, the IDX BUMN20 stock index also fell to 18.39% throughout 2020.

Including Shareholders to Your Private Practice in Oral Surgery and Dentistry: Ukrainian Laws

Dental clinic/office launch and development is non-easy task, which require not only a lot of efforts but also some level of the investments, especially for the commercial real estate and expensive equipment. And very often the amount of finances which one person or family is bringing to business may not be sufficient. Including of shareholders can help to reach that goal. Including the partners (ie, cofounders or shareholders) to your private clinic/ office in a legal form of Limited Liability Company (LLC) are possible upon two stages: (1) upon the business launch and (2) upon the business existence. The second variant is more complicated and has to be analyzed.

THE DOCTRINE OF PIERCING THE CORPORATE REVIEW IN THE COURT DECISION NO. 656/PDT.G/2015/PN.MDN

Limited Liability Company (Ltd.) or Perseroan Terbatas (PT) is a legal entity in Indonesia that constitutes a capital alliance formed by an agreement that features a limited liability principle. Limited liability is a principle that limits the responsibility of shareholders to the risk of the Company. However, the principle of limited liability is frequently misapplied, as shareholders look for ways to protect themselves from the risk of more significant losses, to take advantage of all company profits for personal gain. Shareholders who abuse the principle of limited liability for personal gain, on the other hand, will be subject to the Piercing the Corporate Veil doctrine. This doctrine imposes the transfer of liability for personal losses to shareholders who cause harm to the company in bad faith. Based on this understanding, this paper seeks to comprehend the application of the Piercing the Corporate Veil doctrine by analyzing Medan District Court Decision Number: 656/Pdt.G/2015/PN.Mdn. The research method used in this study was normative legal research reviewed with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The conclusion drawn from the problem is as follows: the regulation regarding the Piercing the Corporate Veil doctrine is borne not only by shareholders but also by the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners who fail to implement the principles of fiduciary duty of skill and care. Furthermore, in the case of 656/Pdt.G/2015/PN.Mdn, the judge considered the provisions of Article 3 paragraph (2) of the UUPT in implementing the Piercing the Corporate Veil Doctrine by punishing the Defendants jointly and severally to indemnify the Plaintiff.

Aspek Hukum Perusahaan Penyelenggaraan Angkutan Umum Berbasis Teknologi Informasi

<p>This paper aims to find out how the legal aspects of companies operating special rental transportation are regulated based on the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation (Permenhub.) of the Republic of Indonesia Number 118 of 2018 which is amended by Permenhub. Number 17 of 2019. Transportation is the movement of people or goods from one place to another by using a vehicle in the road traffic room. The information technology system-based transportation adapum is a mode of transportation in the form of legal entities and micro-enterprises or small-scale business actors connecting from one place of origin to one's destination, where the ordering method uses an information technology system and the amount of the fare is listed in the application. Companies in the form of legal entities in the form of Limited Liability Companies, BUMN, BUMD, and Cooperatives as well as micro business actors or small business actors established in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. The form of this special rental transportation company is not in accordance with Law Number 22 of 2009 and Article 79 of Government Regulation Number 74 of 2014 concerning the Implementation of Public Transportation.</p>

THE DOCTRINE OF “REMOVING THE CORPORATE VEIL”: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION AND JUDICIAL PRACTICE OF RUSSIA AND SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES

In this article, the authors aimed to give a comparative legal analysis of the doctrine of “removing thecorporate veil” in the context of legislation and judicial practice of the Russian Federation and some Asiancountries (People’s Republic of China, Indian Republic). In the process of studying this problem, it wasconcluded that there are similar norms in foreign legislation with Russian ones on the prohibition of usingthe legal status of a company for the purpose of abuse of law, on the prohibition of affiliation, as well as adiscussion rule on the full joint and several liability of the sole founder of a limited liability company. Inaddition, the conclusion is made about the increasing use of this doctrine in the country of an atypical legalfamily for it — the People’s Republic of China. Based on the materials of the judicial practice of the Republicof India, an attempt has been made to classify this doctrine according to the criterion of the purpose of abuse:in the case of a limited approach, the responsibility of the controlling persons is assigned in the case of theinitially fictitious purpose of creating a legal entity, and in the case of an unlimited approach — for any unfairaction using the limited liability structure of the founder (participant) of the company for its debts.

KONTRAK PERSEROAN TERBATAS YANG MENGANDUNG TINDAKAN ULTRA VIRES

Kegiatas usaha perseroan terbatas dilaksanakan oleh organ perseroan terbatas yaitu Direksi perseroan terbatas, Direksi dapat mewakili perseroan terbatas untuk melakukan kontrak dengan pihak terkait. Tindakan mewakili Perseroan Terbatas oleh Direksi harus sesuai dengan aturan sebagaiman dalam Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas atau yang telah ditentukan dalam Anggaran Dasar Perseroan Terbatas. Apabilan tidakan Direksi Perseroan Terbatas melaksanakan Kontrak yang dapat merugikan Perseroan karena bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas atau yang telah ditatur dalam Anggaran Dasar Perseroan Terbatas maka kontrak yang dibuat mengandung Ultra Vires. Jika Direksi melakukan tindakan Ultra Vires maka sesuai dengan Pasal 61 Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas, kepada Pemegang sahan berhak mengajukan Gugatan terhadap Perseroan ke Pengadilan Negeri. Limited liability companies are carried out by Directors of limited liability companies. The directors can represent limited liability companies to enter into contracts with related parties. The act of representing a Limited Liability Company by the Board of Directors must be in accordance with the provisions in Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies or those stipulated in the Articles of Association of Limited Liability Companies. If the actions of the Board of Directors of a Limited Liability Company implement a Contract that could be detrimental to the Company because it is contrary to Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies or those stipulated in the Articles of Association of Limited Liability Companies, the contracts made contain Ultra Vires. If the Board of Directors carries out Ultra Vires actions, in accordance with Article 61 of Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, the shareholders have the right to file a lawsuit against the Company to the District Court.