paper currency
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2022 ◽  
pp. 74-85

The invention of paper money created a major new problem: how to ensure its value. Historically, the most reliable means of preserving and stabilizing the value of paper currency has been for those issuing paper money to guarantee to convert their notes, on demand, into real assets, at a specified rate of exchange. The most common asset used for this has been gold, which has been effective in preserving the value of currency over a century or more, but this has not prevented serious economic fluctuations. Consequently, for more than a century, economists have argued that it would be more effective to make currency convertible on demand into a range of commodities. Unfortunately, efforts to devise a means of achieving this have not succeeded to date.


Author(s):  
Joy Nkeiruka Dike-Ndudim ◽  
Gladys A. Onyegbule ◽  
Seraphim Chinyere Ifegbuike ◽  
Chizaram Winners Ndubueze ◽  
Victor Udochukwu Enwere ◽  
...  

Generally, the contamination of currencies with various microbial species is increasingly being reported. This usually results from improper handling during exchange of goods, services and certain environmental factors. This study on the bacteriological evaluation of the Nigerian paper currency (Naira notes) circulating in Owerri, Imo State was carried out with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of bacteria contaminants of Nigerian currency notes in circulation. A total of One hundred and twenty (120) Naira notes of ₦5, ₦10, ₦20, ₦50, ₦100, ₦200, ₦500 and ₦1000 denominations were collected in separate polythene bags from traders, students, hawkers, meat sellers, food vendors, taxi drivers, keke drivers and banks for the study. The notes were chosen on the basis of denominations and physical appearance (Mint, Neat, dirty, very dirty and mutilated). Each of the notes was inserted into a sterile bottle containing 10mls of distilled water and allowed to stand for twenty minutes. Double dilution of the solution was inoculated into Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol Salt agar and Salmonella and Shigella agar for viable counts. Further identification of the bacteria was carried out using standard morphological and biochemical tests. The data from this study were subjected to statistical analysis using percentage, charts and anova. The result from the analysis showed that, 82 (68.33%) out of the 120 samples evaluated were contaminated. The study showed that dirty naira notes are potential routes for bacteriological disease transmission to man during handling and constitutes a public health risk. Therefore, the appropriate authorities should embark on public enlightenment campaign targeted at the handlers and associated risks.


Author(s):  
Anisha Parpanathan

The Currency Recognition System was developed for the purpose of fraud detection in paper currency, so this system is u sed worldwide. The uses of this framework can be recognized in banking frameworks, cash observing gadgets, cash trade frameworks. This paper proposes an automatic paper currency recognition system through an application developed using Machine learning Algorithms. The algorithm implemented is simple, robust and efficient.


Author(s):  
Rikhi Ram Marasini ◽  
Pratikshya Shrestha ◽  
Prabhat Dhakal ◽  
Sukra Raj Shrestha ◽  
Sirjana Adhikari ◽  
...  

The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in paper currency. The paper currencies in circulation in Pokhara Metropolitan City were inspected. Bills of various denominations (Rs 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000) were collected from five different locations; namely Food and Vegetable Shop, Bus conductor, Hospital Pharmacy, Butcher Shop and Grocery Shop. Collected sample were cultured and incubated for 24 hours at 37 oC in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Broth. The inoculums were further cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and Blood Agar (BA) media to obtain colonies, which were examined and evaluated for various parameters like gram staining and biochemical tests for identification. Then, antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates was performed using standard procedures. A total of 35 sample of paper currency were processed, all of which showed positive growth. Out of 86 total isolates, 21 (24.42%) were Staphylococcus aureus followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci 19 (22.09%), Diptheroids 14 (16.3%), Bacillus spp 13 (15.11%), Micrococci 9 (10.46%), Streptococcus pneumonia 4 (4.65%), Viridans Streptococcus 4 (4.65%) and Streptococcus pyogenes 2 (2.32%). The total prevalence of MRSA in this study was 7 (33.33%). Paper currency contaminated with MRSA poses a high threat to those handling the bills as well as the community. Thus, this study suggests proper hygiene measures to be adopted after handling of paper currency to minimize the risk of contamination and emergence of diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-496
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Carvalho ◽  
Desirée Almeida Pires ◽  
Marcel Artioli ◽  
Giuliano Contento de Oliveira

Abstract This paper analyses the impacts of the innovation known as distributed ledger technology (DLT) on the monetary system and on financial activities. Private cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are permissionless means of payment, based on blockchain, a form of DLT. Evaluations suggested that these private cryptocurrencies could compete with the banks payment systems and even supplant state currency. The development of these technologies has the potential to modify profoundly monetary and financial practices, but there are no indications that they may threaten the centrality of state money and the banking system in the contemporary monetary order. Major international banks have developed cryptocurrencies for settlement systems and for interbank transactions, including the so-called stablecoins, issued by highly technological companies with on par conversion into state money. Some central banks are studying the launch of state cryptocurrencies that could coexist with their fiduciary state currency and even replace their paper currency. The use of this technology results in new challenges for regulation, including the fact that cryptocurrencies can be used for money laundering and by organized crime.


Author(s):  
Shunottara Ingle

Lot of the fake currency note is being printed in recent years which has caused great loss and damage to society. So, it has become necessary to develop a tool to detect fake currency. This project proposes an approach that will detect fake currency notes being circulated by using their image. Our project will provide required portability and compatibility to most peoples as well as feasible accuracy for fake currency detection. The paper is about Fake Indian Paper Currency using image processing implemented in Android Studio to make the app portable and efficient. Features of currency notes like color, height, width, ratio, watermarks were extracted. The process starts from capturing or browsing the image of a currency note and then compare its features with the real note and check whether it is fake or original.


2021 ◽  
pp. 103780
Author(s):  
Julio Garín ◽  
William D. Lastrapes ◽  
Robert Lester

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Krishna Moorthy Sivalingam ◽  
Dawit Leja Dola

The present study was conducted to isolate pathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance pattern from Ethiopian paper currency notes in Wolaita Sodo town. A total of 240 Ethiopian paper currency notes samples in different denominations were collected from four different sources such as market, taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotels. All the samples were processed to isolate bacterial pathogens using standard techniques and identified by different biochemical tests. Further all identified isolates were used to know the sensitivity/resistant patterns by Bauer-Kirby method based on the zone formation. Out of 240 paper currency notes samples, 120 were showed positive with four different genus such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp. and Salmonella sp. Among these four different genera, S. aureus were highly prevalent (20.8%) followed by E. coli (14.58%), Shigella sp. (10.81%), and Salmonella sp. (3.74%). From the selected four different sources of currency notes such as market, taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotel, currency notes collected from market area showed the highest rate of contamination followed by taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotel. S.s aureus, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella sp. showed resistivity varied from 70-100% against all the antibiotics. Tobramycin showed 20% effective against S. aureus, 11.5% effective against Shigella spp. and 33% effective against Salmonella spp. while E. coli showed 14% sensitivity against Metronidazole antibiotics. Therefore, the present study concludes that the Ethiopian Paper currency notes contaminated with bacterial pathogens and play significant role in the transmission of human pathogenic microorganisms. Keywords: Prevalence, Pathogenic bacteria, Paper Currency and Antimicrobial susceptibility 


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