Comparative Effects of Three EPTC Antidotes

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Y. Chang ◽  
G. R. Stephenson ◽  
J. D. Bandeen
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Growth Room

In growth room studies,N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (hereafter referred to as R-25788) was the most effective of three antidotes for the reduction of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) injury to corn (Zea maysL. ‘United Hybrid 106’). R-25788 reduced EPTC injury to corn as a seed treatment, as an incorporated soil spray, or in nutrient solution in quartz sand nutrient culture. CDAA (N,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide) was also an EPTC antidote for corn when applied to the soil or in nutrient solution but was itself toxic to corn when applied as a seed treatment. The antidote 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (hereafter referred to as naphthalic anhydride) was less effective than R-25788 as a seed treatment and was ineffective when applied to the soil. Naphthalic anhydride was the only one of the three antidotes which also reduced EPTC toxicity to green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.].

Control of Wild Oats in Oats by Barban Plus Antidote

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 546-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Y. Chang ◽  
G. R. Stephenson ◽  
G. W. Anderson ◽  
J. D. Bandeen
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Oat Seeds

Growth room and field studies indicated that coating the seeds of oats (Avena sativaL.) with NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride) at rates of 0.5 to 1% by seed weight significantly reduced the phytotoxicity of barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate) applied to the foliage at rates up to 1.2 kg/ha. Complete protection was obtained when barban was applied at 0.4 kg/ha, the highest rate recommended for the control of wild oats (Avena fatuaL.) in cereal crops. Treatment of oat seeds with this antidote did not reduce the herbicidal effect of barban on wild oats grown in the same soil. Thus, coating oat seeds with the antidote may allow the use of barban for the selective control of wild oats in oat crops. NA seed treatment also slightly reduced oat injury from diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] and triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate].

Uptake, Movement, and Metabolism of Cyanazine in Fall Panicum, Green Foxtail, and Corn

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Kern ◽  
W. F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Root System ◽  
Foliar Uptake ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Corn Roots ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Panicum Dichotomiflorum

In greenhouse studies root absorption after postemergence applications of cyanazine 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile enhanced phytotoxicity to fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.), green foxtail (Setaria viridisL.), and corn (Zea maysL.). Less14C-cyanazine was taken up by the foliage of corn than by the weed species. A lower concentration of parent cyanazine in corn leaves was also evident. The addition of a phytobland oil to the treatment solution increased foliar cyanazine absorption 1 and 5 days following treatment. Although rapid metabolism occurred in corn roots, the large amount of cyanazine absorbed via the root system resulted in internal concentrations of parent cyanazine similar to that observed in the weed species. Cyanazine translocation was mainly acropetal from the point of application. The basis of selectivity is not solely based on the differential foliar uptake of cyanazine, but also on the proportion taken up by the foliage and roots. Under conditions favoring uptake by roots, the margin of selectivity may be reduced.

Protection of Corn (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) from Imazethapyr Toxicity with Antidotes

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Corn Seed ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Corn Seedling ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Plant Injury

Antidotes were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for their ability to prevent injury to corn and sorghum from imazethapyr. Corn was more tolerant to imazethapyr and more effectively protected from imazethapyr toxicity than sorghum. Naphthalic anhydride (NA)3, CGA 92194, or flurazole treatment of corn seed reduced plant injury from preemergence applications of imazethapyr. Corn injury from postemergence applications of imazethapyr was decreased by seed treatment with NA or CGA 92194. Sorghum injury from preemergence applications of imazethapyr was not reduced by seed treatment with the antidotes. NA treatment of sorghum seed was the most effective antidote treatment for decreasing injury from postemergence applications of imazethapyr but the level of sorghum protection was much less than that achieved with corn. Corn seedlings grown from NA-treated and untreated seed absorbed equal amounts of14C into the roots from nutrient solution containing14C-imazethapyr. The NA-treated corn plants translocated less of the absorbed14C to the shoots than the untreated plants. NA treatment of corn seeds increased the rate of imazethapyr conversion to soluble metabolites 2-and 10-fold in the corn seedling roots and shoots, respectively. The increased rate of imazethapyr metabolism in corn following NA seed treatment may be responsible for the protection from imazethapyr toxicity.

Protecting Corn from Herbicide Injury by Seed Treatment

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
G. A. Wicks ◽  
C. R. Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride

The use of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, at 0.5% by corn (Zea maysL. ‘501D’) seed weight, eliminated most of the corn yield loss caused byS-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) at 3.4, 6.7, or 10.0 kg/ha. The seed protectant partially reduced the moderate corn yield loss fromS-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate (butylate) at 9.0 kg/ha. This seed protectant provides a new approach to increased weed control while maintaining selectivity in the production of corn.

Vaporization and Uptake of Atrazine with Additives

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Nalewaja ◽  
K. A. Adamczewski
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Leaf Maturity ◽  
Oil Additives ◽  
Additive Type ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Setaria Glauca

The loss of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] from metal planchets was decreased by an increase in the amount applied and linseed oil (LO) additive. LO reduced volatility to a greater extent than did other additives. Vapor loss from plant leaves was influenced by plant species, plant leaf maturity, soil moisture, concentration of atrazine applied, volume of oil additive, type of additive, and duration of exposure. Generally, atrazine uptake by plants was inversely related to volatility. Uptake and translocation of14C-atrazine label was increased more by oil additives than surfactant (SURF) compared to no additive. LO increased14C-label translocation more in yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca lutescens(Weigel) Hubb.], green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.], and barnyardgrass [Echinchloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] than in corn (Zea maysL.).

Yellow Nutsedge, Giant Green Foxtail, and Fall Panicum Control in Corn

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Parochetti
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Panicum Dichotomiflorum

In a 3-year field study in corn (Zea maysL.), several herbicides and combinations were studied for the control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.), giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.], and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.). Best yellow nutsedge control (87 to 88%) resulted from applications of 4.48 kg/ha of either alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] preplant incorporated or atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] preplant incorporated plus atrazine postemergence with a phytobland oil. Between 72 to 83% control of yellow nutsedge resulted from applications of 2.24 kg/ha of alachlor, 4.48 kg/ha of butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), and combinations of atrazine plus butylate. Greater than 90% control of giant green foxtail and fall panicum resulted from butylate plus atrazine or alachlor; postemergence applications of atrazine resulted in significantly less control of fall panicum or giant green foxtail.

Reduction of Imazaquin Injury to Corn (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) by Antidotes

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Injury Treatment ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Injury Protection

Antidotes were evaluated for their ability to prevent corn and sorghum injury caused by imazaquin. Plant injury was reduced in both preemergence and early postemergence imazaquin applications. Naphthalic anhydride (NA) seed treatment was the most consistent compound in reducing the imazaquin injury. Seed treatment with CGA 92194 or flurazole also gave injury protection to corn and sorghum, while soil treatment with dichlormid provided the least protection from imazaquin injury. Treatment with the antidotes did not affect the acetolactate synthase (ALS) (EC4.1.3.18) activity in corn or sorghum tissues. Imazaquin treatments decreased extractable ALS activity but this decrease was eliminated, partially or totally, by the most effective antidotes. Antidote treatments had little effect on absorption and distribution of14C in plants growing in soil treated with14C-imazaquin. Antidote treatments increased the metabolism of14C-imazaquin to both soluble and unextractable14C after 24 h of exposure. The increased rate of imazaquin conversion to less toxic metabolites when antidotes were used resulted in a reduction in imazaquin injury to corn and sorghum.

Johnsongrass Control in Corn with Soil Incorporated Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 474-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Roeth
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Significant Rate

Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] control in corn (Zea maysL.) was studied from 1970 to 1972 using consecutive annual applications of alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide) at 3.4 kg/ha, butylate (S-ethyi diisobutylthiocarbamate) at 4.5, 9.0, and 13.4 kg/ha, and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at 3.4, 6.7, and 13.4 kg/ha. In 1970, control was less than 60% for all herbicides, and there was no significant rate response. In 1971 butylate and EPTC at all rates provided 79 to 93% control. Alachlor gave 49% control. In 1972 control was similar to 1971. Control with one cultivation was additive to these herbicidal effects. Seed treatment with 0.5% 1,8-naphthalic anhydride adequately protected the corn from herbicide injury. Corn yields were closely correlated with johnsongrass control.

Influence of Metolachlor on Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata) Growth and Nutrient Accumulation

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamsey W. Ellis ◽  
Henry P. Wilson ◽  
Martin P. Mascianica ◽  
Keith A. Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Effect On Growth

Using nutrient culture techniques, it was determined that a 14-day exposure to metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] concentrations in the range of 10-6M reduced lengths and weights of seedling sweet corn (Zea mays saccharataL. ‘NK-199′) shoots and roots by 30 to 50%. With the exception of root weight, intensity of inhibition was proportional to day length. Reductions in accumulation of Ca, Mg, K, and P accompanied decreases in sweet corn growth. A 4-day exposure of sweet corn to 2.8 and 5.6 × 10-6M metolachlor had no significant effect on growth and nutrient accumulation when treatments were followed by a 9-day incubation in metolachlor-free nutrient solution.

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