additive type
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2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Lourdes Yurramendi ◽  
Jokin Hidalgo ◽  
Amal Siriwardana

The feasibility of using low-environmental-impact leaching media to recover valuable metals from lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has been evaluated. Several deep eutectic solvents (DES) were tested as leaching agents in the presence of different type of additives (i.e., H2O2). The optimization of Co recovery was carried out by investigating various operating conditions, such as reaction time, temperature, solid (black mass) to liquid (DES) ratio, additive type, and concentration. Leaching with final selected DES choline chloride (33%), lactic acid (53%), and citric acid (13%) at 55 °C achieved an extraction yield of more than 95% for the cobalt. The leaching mechanism likely begins with the dissolution of the active material in the black mass (BM) followed by chelation of Co(II) with the DES. The results obtained confirm that those leaching media are an eco-friendly alternative to the strong inorganic acids used nowadays.


Author(s):  
Janusz Matkowski

AbstractLet $$I\subset {\mathbb {R}}$$ I ⊂ R be an interval that is closed under addition, and $$ k\in {\mathbb {N}}$$ k ∈ N , $$k\ge 2\,$$ k ≥ 2 . For a function $$f:I\rightarrow \left( 0,\infty \right) $$ f : I → 0 , ∞ such that $$F\left( x\right) :=\frac{f\left( kx\right) }{ kf\left( x\right) }$$ F x : = f k x k f x is invertible in I, the k-variable function $$ M_{f}:I^{k}\rightarrow I,$$ M f : I k → I , $$\begin{aligned} M_{f}\left( x_{1},\ldots ,x_{k}\right) :=F^{-1}\left( \frac{f\left( x_{1}+\cdots +x_{k}\right) }{f\left( x_{1}\right) +\cdots +f\left( x_{k}\right) } \right) , \end{aligned}$$ M f x 1 , … , x k : = F - 1 f x 1 + ⋯ + x k f x 1 + ⋯ + f x k , is a premean in I,  and it is referred to as a quasi Cauchy quotient of the additive type of generator f. Three classes of means of this type generated by the exponential, logarithmic, and power functions, are examined. The suitable quasi Cauchy quotients of the exponential types (for continuous additive, logarithmic, and power functions) are considered. When I is closed under multiplication, the quasi Cauchy quotient means of logarithmic and multiplicative type are studied. The equalities of premeans within each of these classes are discussed and some open problems are proposed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haili Liu ◽  
Qingchao Hong ◽  
Heyun Liu ◽  
Zhen Huang ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
...  

Fast-growing grass, as a popular renewable energy, is low in sulfur content, so NOx is the major pollutant during its combustion. To study the emission characteristics of NOx and obtain the data of controlling NOx emission, the effects of combustion temperature as well as the additive type and mass fraction were investigated on the emission characteristics of NOx from the combustion of fast-growing grass. Results revealed that the first peak for NOx emission from this combustion gradually increases with an increase in temperature. Moreover, the additives were found to dramatically impact the amount of NOx emission and its representative peak. The optimal additives and their optimal mass fractions were determined at various specific temperatures to reduce NOx emission. At combustion temperatures of 600, 700, 750, 800, and 850°C, the optimal conditions to limit NOx emissions were 5% SiO2, 3% Al2O3, 3% Ca(OH)2, 15% Al2O3, and 3% SiO2 (or 3% Al2O3), respectively; the corresponding emission peaks decreased by 43.59, 44.21, 47.99, 24.18, and 30.60% (or 31.51%), with denitration rates of 63.28, 50.34, 57.44, 27.05, and 27.34% (or 27.28%), respectively.


Author(s):  
M. M. Alqarni ◽  
Emad E. Mahmoud ◽  
Ebrahem A. Algehyne ◽  
Tareq Saeed ◽  
Abdallah S. Berrouk ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Peter Carr ◽  
Lorenzo Torricelli

AbstractIn option pricing, it is customary to first specify a stochastic underlying model and then extract valuation equations from it. However, it is possible to reverse this paradigm: starting from an arbitrage-free option valuation formula, one could derive a family of risk-neutral probabilities and a corresponding risk-neutral underlying asset process. In this paper, we start from two simple arbitrage-free valuation equations, inspired by the log-sum-exponential function and an $\ell ^{p}$ ℓ p vector norm. Such expressions lead respectively to logistic and Dagum (or “log-skew-logistic”) risk-neutral distributions for the underlying security price. We proceed to exhibit supporting martingale processes of additive type for underlying securities having as time marginals two such distributions. By construction, these processes produce closed-form valuation equations which are even simpler than those of the Bachelier and Samuelson–Black–Scholes models. Additive logistic processes provide parsimonious and simple option pricing models capturing various important stylised facts at the minimum price of a single market observable input.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
ANIL KUMAR ◽  

Combining ability analysis was performed in a 10× 10 half dialle cross in Indian mustard genotypes for yield and quality traitsduring 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the agriculture research farm R.B.(PG) college Mudi, Agra and IFTM university,Lodhipur Rajput Moradabad.In this study, 45 F1 hybrid and their parents were evaluated for 14 quantitative and qualitative traits. The parents used namely, NRCHB -101, DRMR- IJ- 31, Kanti, Urvashi, Pusa mustard- 25 (NPJ-112), Pusa mustard-26 (NPJ-113), Pusa mustard- 27 (EJ-17), CS- 54, RH- 406, RH -749. The results indicated that both additive and non-additive type of gene actions were responsible in expression of all the 14 characters. Parental genotypes viz., RH -749, RH -406 and CS -54, showed high GCA effects for seed yield per plant and most of the important characters except days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. The other parent’survashi, PM -27, DRMRIJ- 31, NRCHB -101 showed high GCA effects for the remainingtraits. Out of 45 crosses only three crosses RH- 406 × RH -749, PM- 26 × RH -406 and PM -26 × RH -406 had desirable and significant SCA effects with high per se performance for seed yield per plant in F1,s generation. The present study indicated that genetic improvement in the Indian mustard would be achieved by using selected promising crosses having significantly high SCA values coupled with high per se performances.


Author(s):  
A. U. Vauchok ◽  
B. V. Dubovik

The anti-inflammatory properties of the combination of meloxicam and atypical NSAID N-acetyl-L-proline (Groceprol®) after intragastric administration in a model of carrageenan paw edema in mice were studied. The average effective dose of N-acetyl-L-proline calculated by the regression analysis method in this model was 414 mg/kg, and the average effective dose of meloxicam was 2.85 mg/kg. In the combination in a ratio of 40:1, the activity of the compounds increases significantly, the ED50 of meloxicam decreases to 1 mg/kg, a similar value of N-acetyl-L-proline becomes 43 mg/kg. The same trend was also observed with another mass ratio of components of 20:1. The analysis of the pharmacodynamics of the combination of drugs according to the T. Chou method showed an additive type of interaction, typical for compounds with different mechanisms of primary action. It was established that a combination of N-acetyl-L-proline and meloxicam in the weight ratios of 40:1 and 20:1 demonstrate synergism, allowing to reduce the dose of the components in 2.7–9.6 times as compared with the effect of the drugs individually.The results of the study are the experimental justification for the use of anti-inflammatory synergistic combination of N-acetyl-L-proline and meloxicam.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Lehel ◽  
Géza Szemerédy ◽  
Rita Szabó ◽  
László Major ◽  
Adrienn Grúz ◽  
...  

Abstract Single and simultaneous toxic effects of glyphosate (Amega Up, 360 g/L, 4%) and copper sulphate (0.01%) were studied on avian embryos treated with injection directly into the air chamber or by immersion application for 30 minutes on day 0 of incubation. Alterations of the chicken embryos were evaluated during the necropsy performed on day 19 of incubation including the mortality, the body weight, and the type of developmental abnormalities. Based on the results, the injection application was to be more toxic than the immersion method, induced increasing of mortality and decreasing of body weight, and the incidence of the congenital anomalies was more frequent. Supposedly, an additive-type toxicodynamic interaction was occurred between the copper sulphate and glyphosate that may result in reduced vitality of the embryos and thus the number of offspring of wild-life birds.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (no 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Pandey

The effects of UV-B and pesticides (Butachlor and Carbofuran) on nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism have been studied on filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena doliolum. The study showed a decrease in the uptake of NH4+, PO4-3, activities of nitrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and alkaline phosphatase, when the cells were exposed to UV-B and pesticides. The interaction of two stresses showed the additive type of behavior for the studied parameters. In contrast, a significant increase in NO3- uptake and nitrate reductase activity was seen when Anabaena cells were exposed to different doses of UV-B.


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