Herbicide Residues and Weed Species Shifts on Modified-Soil Field Plots

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Weber ◽  
J. A. Best ◽  
W. W. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Dactyloctenium Aegyptium ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Large Crabgrass

A Shubata soil was modified by the addition of organic matter or montmorillonite clay. Three annual applications of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluro-m-tolyl)urea], prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were made and soil samples analyzed at the end of the third year. Less than 0.05 ppm prometryne was found in the subsoils. Prometryne present (by chemical analysis) in the surface soils ranged from 2% (of that originally applied) in the soil without additives to 20% in the soils modified with organic matter and clay. Approximately 12% of the prometryne present in the soil modified with organic matter and 32% of that in the soil modified with clay was detectable by bioassay. Trifluralin concentration (by chemical analysis) ranged from 2% in the soil without additives and soil modified with clay to 11% in the soil modified with organic matter. Approximately 100% of the trifluralin in soil without additives and soil modified with clay was detectable by bioassay while only 15% of that present in soil modified with organic matter was biologically detectable. Fluometuron was presented in the soils in amounts ranging from 0.6 to 1.9% of that applied. Prometryne and fluometuron greatly decreased the large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.] population and increased the population of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) and crowfootgrass [Dactyloctenium aegyptium(L.) Richter]. Trifluralin greatly decreased large crabgrass and crowfootgrass populations, but the plots became completely infested with yellow nutsedge. Horseweed [Conyza canadensis(L.) Cronq.] became the overall dominant species the first year after the field was taken out of production. Yellow nutsedge, bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.], and other grasses were also prevalent.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Landscape Fabrics in Suppressing Growth of Weed Species

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris A. Martin ◽  
Harry G. Ponder ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge

Abstract Two tests were conducted to evaluate weed penetration up through landscape fabrics. The degree of weed suppression varied depending on the specific landscape fabric. No landscape fabric gave total suppression of weeds tested. Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) and smallflower morningglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Grisebach.) were inhibited by all landscape fabrics. Growth of pigweed (Aranthus sp.), bermudagrass (Cynodon datylon (L.) Persoon.), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon.) was suppressed by certain landscape fabrics.

Effect of Soil Constituents on Herbicide Activity in Modified-Soil Field Plots

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Weber ◽  
S.B. Weed ◽  
T.W. Waldrep
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Montmorillonite Clay ◽  
First Year ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Soil Constituents ◽  
Modified Soil

An organic muck and a montmorillonite clay were incorporated into the surface 7.6 cm of a structureless sandy soil at rates ranging from 26,880 to 89,600 kg/ha. Prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] and fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] were surface-applied and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were incorporated at two rates each in 1968, 1969, and 1970. Organic matter greatly reduced the biological activity of all three herbicides. Montmorillonite clay greatly reduced the activity of prometryne, slightly decreased the activity of fluometuron, and had no significant effect on trifluralin activity in all but the first year of the study. Both soil additives increased the cation exchange capacity of the soil. Muck decreased soil pH while montmorillonite increased it.

Activity of Acetanilide Herbicides on Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Cornelius ◽  
W. F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Isopropyl Ester ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tuber Sprouting ◽  
Petri Dishes

The acetanilide herbicides alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], the ethyl ester of diethatyl [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine], or H-26910, the isopropyl ester ofN-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl)glycine, failed to inhibit yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. ♯ CYPES) tuber sprouting in petri dishes. At 3.5 and 0.35 μM, all herbicides inhibited growth of newly emerging shoots. There was no significant difference in activity among alachlor, metolachlor, diethatyl ethyl, and R-26910 on yellow nutsedge sprouts grown in petri dishes. In soil, metolachlor and alachlor were equally effective for yellow nutsedge control. Both were more effective than H-26910 at high levels of soil organic matter. Diethatyl ethyl was least effective at all levels of soil organic matter. For all herbicides evaluated, activity decreased with increased levels of organic matter in the soil. For acetanilide herbicides to be effective on yellow nutsedge, they needed to be in the soil zone, above or at the level of the tuber.

Control of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) in Summer Squash with Halosulfuron

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Trader ◽  
Henry P. Wilson ◽  
Thomas E. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Smooth Pigweed

Field experiments were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to investigate PRE and POST applications of halosulfuron-methyl in combination with clomazone plus ethalfluralin for control of sedge and smooth pigweed in summer squash. Halosulfuron was applied PRE or POST to summer squash at 9, 18, or 27 g ai/ha in combination with a PRE application of clomazone at 175 g ai/ha plus ethalfluralin at 630 g ai/ha. Smooth pigweed control by addition of halosulfuron at 18 and 27 g/ha in combination with clomazone plus ethalfluralin PRE was greater than 89% independent of application method. Yellow nutsedge control was greater than 83% with POST applications of halosulfuron at 18 and 27 g/ha in combination with clomazone plus ethalfluralin PRE. Yellow nutsedge control was greater than 60% from all POST halosulfuron applications at 9, 18, or 27 g/ha in the greenhouse. In a separate field study without ethalfluralin PRE, rice flatsedge control was more than 85% from halosulfuron applied POST at 18 and 27 g/ha. Yellow summer squash and zucchini squash were injured as much as 52 and 47%, respectively, from inclusion of halosulfuron PRE or POST at 27 g/ha in treatments. Summer squash yields were generally not affected by halosulfuron rate, and were comparable to or higher than summer squash treated by only the mixture of clomazone plus ethalfluralin. In these studies, summer squash were injured by halosulfuron applied at 9 to 27 g/ha PRE or POST, yet rapidly recovered, making this herbicide acceptable for use in combination with clomazone and ethalfluralin for controlling several common weed species.

scholarly journals Weed Control with Landscape Fabrics

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Derr ◽  
Bonnie Lee Appleton
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Abstract Six polypropylene landscape fabrics were compared with black plastic and preemergence herbicides for weed control. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] shoots and roots and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) shoots penetrated all of the fabrics tested and developed into large plants. In greenhouse studies, black plastic plus mulch, and pennant (metolachlor) [2-chloro-N-(2ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] at 4.5 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb/A) plus mulch provided equal, or greater control of large crabgrass than the landscape fabrics. In the field study, more time was required to hand-weed landscape fabrics covered with mulch than uncovered fabrics. When covered with mulch, hand-weeding time and weed shoot fresh weights were similar for black plastic, surflan (oryzalin) [4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide] at 2.2 kg/ha (2.0 lb/A), and the landscape fabrics.

Frequency of Herbicide Treatments for Summer and Winter Weed Control in Turfgrasses

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Wild Parsnip ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Four herbicides were applied in the spring and fall over a 3-yr period to Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis (L.) ‘Common′] in the Mountain Region and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ‘Common′] in the Piedmont Region of Georgia at different frequencies of treatments for summer and winter weed control. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] was controlled throughout the 3-yr period from spring treatments of bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] at 11.2 kg/ha and oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 4.5 kg/ha in the first year followed by 5.6 kg/ha for bensulide and 2.3 kg/ha for oxadiazon the following 2 yr. To control large crabgrass with benefin (N- butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) it was necessary to apply 3.4 kg/ha for 2 consecutive yr before rates could be reduced to 1.7 kg/ha. Oxadiazon was the only herbicide that controlled goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] completely. Control was excellent throughout the 3-yr period when oxadiazon was applied at full rate in the spring of the first year with no additional treatments during the following 2 yr. Optimum control of winter weeds was obtained throughout the 3-yr period when herbicides were applied at full rates for the spring and fall treatments the first year followed by one-half rates at similar dates the following 2 yr. Bensulide treatments increased cover of corn speedwell (Veronica arvensis L.) and hop clover (Trifolium agrarium L.); DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) and benefin increased spur weed (Soliva spp.) and wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.); and oxadiazon increased wild parsnip and thymeleaf sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia L.).

Yellow Nutsedge Control by Alachlor

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Armstrong ◽  
William F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge

Preplant or preemergence application of 2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) at 3.36 or 4.48 kg/ha effectively controlled yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) in field and greenhouse studies. Depth of tubers in the soil did not affect response to alachlor. Alachlor at 3.36 kg/ha only controlled yellow nutsedge effectively in soils with less than 6% organic matter. Alachlor at 3.7 × 10-6M and 1.8 × 10-4M inhibited growth and killed newly emerging shoots in petri dish cultures. However, alachlor did not inhibit sprouting of yellow nutsedge tubers.

Distribution of Arable Weed Populations along Eastern Arkansas Mississippi Delta Roadsides: Occurrence, Distribution, and Favored Growth Habitats

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas E. Korres ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan ◽  
Andy Mauromoustakos
Keyword(s):  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Arable Weeds ◽  
Arable Weed ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Disturbed Habitats ◽  
Large Crabgrass

A survey was conducted in 2012 across 13 counties in the eastern Arkansas–Mississippi Delta area on 489 randomly selected road sites to assess the distribution of the most commonly occurring arable weeds. Among the 36 species recorded, Palmer amaranth, johnsongrass, large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, prickly sida, and broadleaf signalgrass were the top six weed species, occurring at 313, 294, 261, 238, 176, and 136 sites, respectively. Barnyardgrass, johnsongrass, and Palmer amaranth were present at 34, 32, and 31% of all sampling occasions (site by roadside topographical characteristic). Habitat preferences varied between weed species. Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, and johnsongrass exhibited a preference for disturbed habitats as well as field shoulders. Conversely, barnyardgrass, yellow nutsedge, hemp sesbania, and giant ragweed exhibit a preference for moist environments similar to these found in roadside ditches. Herbicide use on roadsides is subject to many environmental regulations and public concerns that, in combination with the evolution of herbicide resistance, necessitate an effective plan for managing agronomically important weed species on eastern Arkansas–Mississippi Delta roadsides.

scholarly journals Diversity of Weed Species in Farms Kisii Central Sub-County, Western Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Charles N. Nyamwamu ◽  
Rebecca Karanja ◽  
Peter Mwangi
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Bidens Pilosa ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Equal Distance

This study sought to determine species diversity and Importance Values (IV) of weeds in farms in Kisii Central Sub County, Western Kenya. Eight administrative sub-locations were randomly selected. Ten farms were selected at equal distance along transect laid across each sub-location. Quadrant and a line transect laid across each farm were used to collect weed species. Five rectangular quadrants of 0.5x2m were established in each farm and individuals of each weed species identified and counted. Importance value (IV) for each weed species was computed from density, frequency and abundance. Diversity was computed by Shannon index (H’). Twenty four weed species from 22 genera in 10 families were recorded, Family Asteraceae had the highest number of species (6), followed by Solanaceae and Poaceae with 4 and 3 species respectively. The dominant weed species were Galinsoga parviflora(IV=241.6%), Pennisetum clandestinum(IV=215.8.7%),Bidens pilosa(IV=196.7%), Cynodon dactylon (IV=192.4%), Digitaria scalarum(IV=180.8%) and Cyperus esculentus(172.0%). Weed species diversity was higher (H'=2.81).

scholarly journals COVER CROPS MAY DECREASE WEED GROWTH IN STRAWBERRY FIELDS

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 436b-436
Author(s):  
Julia Whitworth
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Weed Growth

The usefulness of cover crops for weed management in strawberries were evaluated. Wheat (Triticum aestevum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were grown in individual pots then killed by tillage or herbicide and followed in the same pots by plantings of bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.], or strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa `Cardinal'). Rye and wheat tilled into the medium generally increased the growth of strawberries and decreased the growth of bermuda grass. Rye and wheat residues appeared to suppress growth of weeds and strawberries when the residues remained on the medium surface. Crimson clover had little affect on the growth of weeds or strawberries. Yellow nutsedge and crabgrass were not significantly affected by cover crop residues.

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