Translocation of Different 2,4-D, Bentazon, Diclofop, or Diclofop-Methyl Combinations in Oat (Avena sativa) and Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Hall ◽  
Lloyd V. Edgington ◽  
Clayton M. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Treatment Zone ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
Ether Treatment ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Elgin′) and soybean (Glycine maxL. ‘Evans′) were treated with14C-diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propionic acid]} or14C-diclofop alone or in combination with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] or bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and14C-2,4-D alone or in combination with diclofop-methyl or diclofop. More radioactivity was recovered in the treatment zone after14C-diclofop-methyl applications, alone or in combination, than after similar14C-diclofop treatments in oat and soybean. Basipetal movement of radioactivity was 4 and 1% and acropetal movement was 1 and 4% in oat and soybean, respectively, regardless of the diphenyl ether treatment or time. Addition of 2,4-D or bentazon did not reduce translocation of radioactivity from14C-diclofop-methyl treatments in either plant species. Basipetal movement of radioactivity from14C-diclofop-methyl was greater than from14C-diclofop in both oat and soybean. The addition of diclofop-methyl or diclofop did not affect the pattern or amount of14C-2,4-D radioactivity translocated. In oats, radioactivity appeared to accumulate within the intercalary meristematic region with14C-2,4-D and14C-diphenyl-ether applications. Diclofop-methyl at 1 kg/ha applied either to an entire oat plant at the three-leaf stage or the apical meristemic region resulted in plant mortality. The extent to which transport contributes to diclofop-methyl efficacy is questioned.

Effects of Chlorsulfuron or 2,4-D upon Diclofop-Methyl Efficacy in Oat (Avena sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 672-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Hall ◽  
Lloyd V. Edgington ◽  
Clayton M. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Equimolar Concentration ◽  
Methyl Methyl ◽  
Antagonistic Interaction ◽  
Coleoptile Elongation ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Elgin′) seedlings were treated with combinations of diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} and 2,4-D amine [dimethylamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] or diclofop-methyl and chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} to determine the effect of the added herbicide on diclofop-methyl activity. Diclofop-methyl applied alone at rates of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/ha killed the oat plants 14 days after treatment. When 2,4-D amine at 0.74 and 1.11 kg/ha was combined with diclofop-methyl, the phytotoxicity of diclofop-methyl was reduced. An antagonistic interaction between diclofop-methyl and 2,4-D was detected. Chlorsulfuron, applied alone, at 20, 40, or 60 g/ha did not affect the growth of oats. Chlorsulfuron additions did not affect the activity of diclofop-methyl. Diclofop-methyl reduced oat coleoptile elongation. Equimolar concentrations of diclofop-methyl and 2,4-D at or above 1 μM significantly reduced the 2,4-D response. A ten-fold increase of either 2,4-D or diclofop-methyl, above an equimolar concentration of 1 μM, significantly enhanced the effect of the herbicide being increased.

Control of Wild Cane in Corn

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The most effective and dependable method of controlling wild cane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in corn (Zea mays L.) was with a combination of cultivation plus herbicides. Timely cultivations were equally or more effective than preplant herbicides in controlling wild cane, but neither method was adequate by itself. The best herbicide in this study for the control of wild cane in corn was S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) alone or in combination with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). Residual effects of simazine at 4 lb/A in the soil reduced the yield of the following oats (Avena sativa L.) crop 1 out of 3 years.

Interactions between Herbicidal Carbamates and Growth Regulators

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. James ◽  
G. N. Prendeville ◽  
G. F. Warren ◽  
M. M. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Differential Movement ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Polygonum Lapathifolium ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Interactions between carbamate and growth regulator herbicides were antagonistic both in whole plants and in plant segments. When combinations of isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) were applied to the foliage of either redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) or pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifoliumL.), the severe twisting effects of 2,4-D were greatly reduced. This interaction did not involve differential movement or metabolism of either herbicide. The induced elongation of soybean hypocotyl sections by the three growth regulators 2,4-D, 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) was inhibited in the presence of either chlorpropham orS-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC). Similarly, curvature tests using soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) hypocotyl sections showed the curvature induced by the growth regulators to be almost completely eliminated by the presence of the carbamates.

Effects of 2,4,5-T, Triclopyr, and 3,6-Dichloropicolinic Acid on Crop Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
R. E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Grain Sorghum

Triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid}, 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid were applied to the foliage of juvenile crop plants at 0.002, 0.009, 0.03, 0.14, and 0.56 kg/ha. Corn (Zea maysL.), oat (Avena sativaL.), wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], and kleingrass (Panicum coloratumL.) were generally more tolerant to the herbicides than were peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.), and soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merr.). Triclopyr was usually more phytotoxic to corn, oat, grain sorghum, and kleingrass than either 2,4,5-T or 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at 0.14 and 0.56 kg/ha, but few differences occurred among herbicides at lower rates. Kleingrass was not affected at any rate of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid. Wheat tolerated most rates of all three herbicides. At 0.56 kg/ha, triclopyr and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid caused greater injury to peanuts than did 2,4,5-T; whereas, 2,4,5-T and triclopyr were more damaging to cotton and cucumber than 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid. The three herbicides at 0.14 and 0.56 kg/ha killed soybeans. Soybean injury varied from none to severe at 0.002 to 0.03 kg/ha, depending upon species investigated, but many plants showed morphological symptoms typical of the auxin-type herbicides.

Persistence of Hormone-Type Herbicide Residue in Tissue of Susceptible Crop Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Sirons ◽  
Glen W. Anderson ◽  
Richard Frank ◽  
Brian D. Ripley
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Kinetic Rate ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Subsequent Chemical

The persistence of hormone-type herbicides in tissues of susceptible crop plants was studied under growth-chamber and field conditions. The susceptible plants selected were tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], and turnips (Brassica rapaL.). Foliage of each species was exposed to herbicides at levels that represented spray drift situations, and the decline of residues was investigated through subsequent chemical analysis. The disappearance of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid], 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid], mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid}, 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) was almost linear when concentration data were plotted against the logarithm of time. The results indicate that for practical purposes a kinetic rate equation [conc. = a – b log (time)] would describe the residue decline.

Evaluation of Seedling Progeny of Soybeans Treated with 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and Dicamba

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Thompson ◽  
D. B. Egli
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Seed were harvested from soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Cutler’] plants treated at flowering and pod filling with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB), and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). Progeny of plants treated at flowering with 2,4-D and 2,4-DB or at pod filling with the lowest rate were normal. When higher rates were applied at pod filling, these phenoxy herbicides caused appreciable injury to the progeny in the form of reduced emergence and dry weight and malformed unifoliate leaves. Dicamba was much more injurious to the progeny of treated plants than 2,4-D and 2,4-DB. Even at low rates dicamba caused reduced germination, emergence, and dry weight and malformed first trifoliate leaves.

Detoxification of 2,4-D by Several Plant Species

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Dexter ◽  
F. W. Slife ◽  
H. S. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Susceptible Plant ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The amount of free, unaltered (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) in resistant and susceptible plant species 1, 4, and 8 days after treatment was determined by three procedures. Centrifugation and chromatography of plant homogenates was a more reliable assay than trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation or dialysis procedures. The foliar penetration of 14C-2-4-D and radioactivity which moved from roots into the growth media following foliar application of 14C-2,4-D varied from one plant species to another, but no general correlations with 2,4-D resistance was observed. The resistant burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were not fatally injured primarily because unaltered 2,4-D was immobilized in the treated leaves and unaltered, free 2,4-D was reduced to nontoxic concentrations. The 2,4-D in susceptible cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) remained largely as free and mobile 2,4-D, and the treated plants were near death 8 days after treatment.

Interactions of Diclofop-Methyl and 2,4-D in Cultivated Oats (Avena sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Fletcher ◽  
D. M. Drexler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Methyl Methyl ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Leaf Segments ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Formation

The chlorophyll levels and growth of oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Elgin’) seedlings were drastically reduced after foliar application of diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate}. The leaves were chlorotic and necrotic with the newly emerging leaves being most affected. Plants treated with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were similar to the controls. When 2,4-D was applied to intact plants in combination with diclofop-methyl the toxicity symptoms produced by diclofop-methyl were reduced. Diclofop-methyl disrupted membrane integrity and inhibited chlorophyll formation in excised leaf segments. Addition of 2,4-D with diclofop-methyl did not change the effects produced by diclofop-methyl alone in excised leaf segments.

Response of Soybeans to 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Wax ◽  
L. A. Knuth ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years at Urbana, Illinois, to evaluate the response of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr., var. Harosoy 63) to soil and foliar applications of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D). Soil incorporated applications of 2,4-D or dicamba at rates up to 8 oz/A or 4 oz/A, respectively, just before planting soybeans did not reduce soybean yields significantly. Picloram, applied under the same conditions, reduced soybean yield almost 40% at ½ oz/A. Picloram at rates from ½ to 2 oz/A caused slight to moderate leaf malformation on soybeans planted the following year but did not reduce yield. Foliar applications of 2,4-D up to 2 oz/A on soybeans had little effect on yield when applied at the prebloom stage and only slightly reduced yield when applied during flowering. Dicamba and picloram injured soybeans at the prebloom stage considerably more than did 2,4-D. Dicamba and picloram severely restricted soybean development, and reduced yield markedly when applied during flowering; ½ oz/A of dicamba or ⅛ oz/A of picloram reduced soybean yield about 50%.

Herbicide Evaluations for No-Till Soybean (Glycine max) Production in Corn (Zea mays) Residue

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S. Moomaw ◽  
Alex R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Surface Application ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
No Till ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Weed control in no-till soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Wells’] planted into shredded corn (Zea maysL.) residue was evaluated at Concord, NE, over a 3-yr period. Herbicide factors evaluated were time of herbicide application for no-till soybeans, efficacy of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] relative to paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) for control of emerged weeds, and the efficacy of alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), and pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] for residual weed control. Combination residual and contact herbicide treatments were applied either as a preplant surface application or preemergence after no-till-planted soybeans. Removal of existing weed growth was not consistently better with the preplant surface application compared to later removal after soybean planting. Paraquat and glyphosate gave nearly equal control of emerged weeds. Addition of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] with paraquat in the tank mix did not improve weed control. Use of narrow, ripple coulters on the no-till planter resulted in minimal disturbance of the preplant surface herbicide so that additional preemergence herbicide at planting was seldom beneficial.

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