Rhythmic Leaf Movements of Some Common Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Andersen ◽  
Willard L. Koukkari
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Dark Regime ◽  
Leaf Movements

In growth chamber studies, we measured the movement of cotyledons and leaves or leaflets in seedlings of nine weed species to determine: the magnitude of movement, whether movements followed a rhythmic pattern, and if rhythmic movements were endogenously controlled. Seedlings were always entrained under a 15-h light:9-h dark regime. Measurements were made at 3-h intervals for 3 to 4 days under four light regimes: alternating 15-h light:9-h dark; continuous light; one 15-h light:9-h dark span, followed by continuous light; and a 15-h light:9-h dark regime, in which the dark span was advanced 9 h (phase shift) when measurements were begun. No clearly defined pattern of leaf movement was found in wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L. C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L. C. Wheeler]. Daily rhythmic leaf movements that did not appear to be endogenously controlled were found in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrumL.). Circadian rhythmic leaf movements that appeared to be under endogenous control were found in jimson-weed (Datura stramoniumL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.), and coffee senna (Cassia occidentalisL.).

Effect of Stage of Growth on Metribuzin Tolerance

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. da Silva ◽  
G.F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Polygonum Lapathifolium ◽  
Common Purslane

Six species of Solanaceae including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill ‘Campbell 28′) were sprayed in the greenhouse at weekly intervals for 4 weeks starting when tomato plants had one true leaf. All species gained tolerance to metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one] with age but tomato and black nightshade (Solarium nigrumL.) were the most tolerant and gained tolerance fastest with age. Jimsonweed (Datura stramoniumL.) and eggplant (Solanum melongenaL. ‘Black Beauty’) were the most susceptible species and the ones that gained least tolerance with age. Potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) from true seeds and pepper (Capsicum annuumL. ‘Yolo wonder’) were intermediate in tolerance. In the field, tomato and nine weed species planted in separate plots and kept free from competition were sprayed at weekly intervals starting when tomato plants had one true leaf. Tomato, large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinales(L.) Scop.), ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederaceae(L.) Jacq.) and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.) were the most resistant species to metribuzin and the ones that gained tolerance fastest with age. The most susceptible weeds were velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic), common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifoliumL.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and jimsonweed. Low amounts of sunlight during the 3 days before spraying greatly reduced the resistance of tomato to metribuzin.

scholarly journals STUDY OF WEED FLORA OF MAIZE CROPS IN THE NISAVA DISTRICT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-345
Author(s):  
Jelica Živić ◽  
Milić Vojinović ◽  
Ivica Stančić ◽  
Saša Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Cultivated Plant ◽  
The Right

The damage from the present weeds in maize crop is shown by the reduction of yield in almost every year and their suppression is completely economically justified. The right selection of herbicides mostly depends on the presence of dominant weed species and the time of application. The paper presents the distribution and existence of economically harmful, invasive and quarantine weed species (Abutilon theophrasti, Agropyrum repens, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Capsela bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Datura stramonium, Avena fatua, Calystegia sepium, …) on ten locations of maize crops in the Nisava district. Estimation of the species presence was done in two shootings (May and August) on scale 1-4 (1 - species appears individually and occupy up to 5% of the surface, 2 - appears and occupies 5-25% of the surface, 3 - appears often and occupies 25-50% of the surface, 4 - the species prevails over the cultivated plant and occupies over 50% of the surface).

scholarly journals Mesotrione: A new herbicide for use in maize

Pesticidi ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Elezovic ◽  
Milan Stevic ◽  
Katarina Jovanovic-Radovanov
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Experimental Sample ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Polygonum Lapathifolium ◽  
Lepidium Draba

In 2000 and 2001 field trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of herbicide mesotrione in maize. The experiments were established in Zemun Polje and Smederevska Palanka, according to EPPO/OEPP standard methods. Trade formulation Callisto (a.i. mesotrione 480 g/L) used as a experimental sample in two doses 0.15 L/ha and 0.25 L/ha for pre-em, and 0.15 L/ha adjuvant; 0.25 L/ha + adjuvant and 0.25 L/ha alone for foliar application. The most sensitive weed species were: Adonis aestivalis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Cirsium arvense, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hibridum Lepidium draba, Brassica nigra, Datura stramonium, Kickia spuria, Polygonum lapathifolium, Sinapis arvensis, Solanum nigrum, Stachys annua i Xanthium strumarium.

scholarly journals Weed Flora of Cherry, Walnut, Apple, Almond and Pear Orchards in Northwestern Marmara Region of Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 2252
Author(s):  
Bahadır Şin ◽  
Lerzan Öztürk ◽  
Nur Sivri ◽  
Gürkan Güvenç Avcı ◽  
İzzet Kadıoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Viscum Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Lactuca Serriola ◽  
Cuscuta Campestris ◽  
Weed Flora

A study covering cherry, walnut, apple, almond and pear orchards in Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ provinces was carried out in 2015-2018 with the aim of determination of weed flora, weed frequencies and densities. Total of 64 species belonging to 30 families were identified in fruit tree orchards. Among all the families the most members were in Asteraceae 13 species, Poaceae, 11 species, Brassicaceae 5 species and Lamiaceae 3 species families. The dominant weed species were Amaranthus retroflexus L., Polygonum aviculare L., Capsella-bursa pastoris L. (Medik)., Concolvulus arvensis L., Lepidium draba L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Chenopodium album L., Cichorium intybus L. in Tekirdağ while Datura stramonium L. distribution in Edirne Uzunköprü and Kırklareli was remarkably high. Semi parazitic weed Viscum album and full parasite Cuscuta campestris Yunck were also detected in some orchards. V. album was widespread among pear trees while Cuscuta campestris Yunck was detected only in suckers emerged in apple and cherry orchards. According to density A. retroflexus has received the first order with 76 plant/m2, following C. album with 54 plant/m2, Lactuca serriola with 27 plant/m2, D. stramonium L. with 24 plant/m2, Portulaca oleracea with 21 plant/m2

STUDY OF WEED FLORA OF MAIZE CROPS IN THE NISAVA DISTRICT

2018 ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Jelica Živić ◽  
Milić Vojinović ◽  
Ivica Stančić ◽  
Saša Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Cultivated Plant ◽  
The Right

The damage from the present weeds in maize crop is shown by the reduction of yield in almost every year and their suppression is completely economically justified. The right selection of herbicides mostly depends on the presence of dominant weed species and the time of application. The paper presents the distribution and existence of economically harmful, invasive and quarantine weed species (Abutilon theophrasti, Agropyrum repens, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Capsela bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Datura stramonium, Avena fatua, Calystegia sepium …) on ten locations of maize crops in the Nisava district. Estimation of the species presence was done in two shootings (May and August) on scale 1-4 (1 - species appears individually and occupy up to 5% of the surface, 2 - appears and occupies 5-25% of the surface, 3 - appears often and occupies 25-50% of the surface, 4 - the species prevails over the cultivated plant and occupies over 50% of the surface).

Floristic composition and relative abundance of weeds in annual crops of Manitoba

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Wild Buckwheat ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters

Annual surveys for weeds of fields seeded to spring wheat, barley, oats, flax, and canola in Manitoba were conducted during 1978, 1979, and 1981. Fields were surveyed during July and early August each year using a stratified random sampling procedure. Data for the crops and years were combined for analysis. The frequency, the area infested, and the density of the infestation were determined for each species. These three measures of the abundance of the weed were combined into a single synthetic value called relative abundance. Nine of the 152 species recorded by the surveyors accounted for 77% of the total relative abundance. Ranked in order by relative abundance, these species were green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild oats (Avena fatua L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), annual smartweed (Polygonum spp.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Green foxtail was the predominant weed with an abundance value three times larger than wild oats or wild buckwheat. The pattern of dominance found in Manitoba fields was similar to results from comparable surveys in Saskatchewan and North Dakota. Key words: Relative abundance, weed survey, weed density, green foxtail, wild oats, wild buckwheat

scholarly journals Weed Interference Affects Dry Bean Yield and Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein GHAMARI ◽  
Goudarz AHMADVAND
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Logistic Equations ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Minimum Number

Dry bean is one of the most important pulse crops in Iran. Field study was conducted in 2011 to evaluate effects of weed competition from a natural flora on growth and yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The treatments consisted of weed infestation and weed removal periods (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days) after crop emergence. Control plots kept weed-infested and weed-free throughout growing season. To assess the weed competition effect on crop characteristics, Richards, Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to the data. The most abundant weed species were Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Increase in duration of weed interference decreased the stem height of dry bean. At the end of the growing season, dry bean was 20 cm taller in season-long weed-free treatment compared to the season-long weed-infested treatment. As the number of days of weed interference increased, a declining trend of LAI and number of pods was observed. The minimum number of pods was obtained in season-long weed-infested treatment (5.01 pods/plant). Weed interference during the whole growing season, caused a 60% reduction in yield. Considering 5% and 10% acceptable yield lost, the critical period of weed competition was determined from 20 to 68 and 23 to 55 days after planting (DAE), respectively.

A COMPARISON OF MCP AND 2,4-D FOR THE CONTROL OF ANNUAL WEEDS IN GRAIN CROPS

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Friesen ◽  
D. R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Oats, flax and barley were sprayed with various formulations of MCP (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at a number of Experimental Farms in Western Canada in 1954 and 1955. Each formulation was applied at 4 and 8 ounces of acid equivalent per acre at each of two dates, viz., Date 1, when the weeds were in the seedling stage less than 3 inches in height; and Date 2, at a stage coinciding with the first appearance of buds on the major weed species.Stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense, L.), wild mustard (Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler), lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Russian pigweed (Axyris amarantoides L.), and ball mustard (Neslia paniculata L.), were effectively controlled by each of the MCP and 2,4-D formulations used. Russian thistle (Salsola kali L.), and red-root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), were not satisfactorily controlled by MCP, whereas hemp nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.) was not controlled by 2,4-D. Wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) was not controlled by any of the treatments. Each treatment was more effective when applied during the seedling stage of the weeds.On the basis of wood control and yield of grain the results of this study favour the use of MCP over 2,4-D with either oats or flax. Oats was significantly more tolerant to MCP, particularly if treated during the early growth stages when weed competition was most critical. With flax, the difference in tolerance was most pronounced in favour of MCP at the later date of treatment. The 2,4-D ester and low volatile ester resulted in a preponderance of plant deformities, lowered the yields of both oats and flax and delayed the maturity of flax significantly. Barley yields in this study were not adversely affected by any of the treatments.

Comparison of weed communities in Manitoba ecoregions and crops

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Van Acker ◽  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
J. Y. Leeson ◽  
S. Z. Knezevic ◽  
B. L. Frick
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Polygonum Convolvulus ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Poaceae Family ◽  
Weed Survey

In 1997, a weed survey was conducted during July and August in fields of wheat, barley, oat, canola and flax in Manitoba. Field selection was based on a stratified-random sampling methodology using ecodistricts as strata. Species in the Poaceae family were most commonly observed in the survey, followed by species in the Polygonaceae, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae families. The six most abundant weed species were green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], wild oats (Avena fatua L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). The survey highlighted significant differences between ecoregions and between crops in residual weed infestations. The weed community in the Boreal Transition ecoregion was dominated by seven species, whereas fields in the Aspen Parkland and Lake Manitoba Plain ecoregions were dominated by two species and the Interlake Plain ecoregion was dominated by only one species. Although significant differences were found between the weed communities in crops, they were not as great as differences between ecoregions. The Manitoba residual weed community in 1997 was very similar to that reported for 1978–1981 and 1986, suggesting that the same species should remain a focus for weed management. Key words: Weed survey, weed relative abundance, weed distributions, Manitoba ecoregions

Influence of Rainfall on the Phytotoxicity of Foliarly Applied 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Behrens ◽  
M. A. Elakkad
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Response Level ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Brassica Kaber

To study rainfall effects, simulated rainfall was applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L. C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L. C. Wheeler], soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hodgson’], and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) in greenhouse and field studies following foliar applications of the alkanolamine (AKA) salt or the butoxyethanol (BE) ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at rates that induced equivalent levels of phytotoxicity. Simulated rainfall less than 1 min after herbicide treatment reduced the phytotoxicity of the AKA salt of 2,4-D to a much greater extent than that of the BE ester with effects ranging from elimination of all injury from the AKA salt to soybeans to no reduction in phytotoxicity of the BE ester to common lambsquarters. The quantity of simulated rainfall required to induce maximum reductions in phytotoxicity of the BE ester ranged from 1 mm on common lambsquarters to 15 mm on velvetleaf. The time interval from 2,4-D treatment until rainfall required to achieve a phytotoxic response level of 80% of that attained without rainfall varied greatly among plant species and herbicide formulations; ranging from less than 1 min for the BE ester on common lambsquarters to more than 24 h for the AKA salt on velvetleaf. The addition of an alkylarylpolyoxyethylene glycol surfactant to 2,4-D spray solutions reduced herbicide rates required to induce equivalent levels of phytotoxicity, increased losses in phytotoxicity of the BE ester caused by rainfall, and reduced the time interval from treatment to rainfall required to attain an equivalent level of phytotoxicity with the AKA salt.

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