Control of Live Oak by Herbicides Applied at Various Rates and Dates

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
H. L. Morton ◽  
J. R. Baur
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Herbicides 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (bromacil) effectively controlled live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.) when applied in the spring and fall in south Texas. A mixture of picloram plus (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) also was effective. Higher rates of bromacil were required than for picloram or picloram plus 2,4,5-T for effective control. Bromacil was more injurious to herbaceous vegetation. The phenoxy herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-T were ineffective.

Control of Woody Plants with Herbicide Mixtures

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Meyer ◽  
R. W. Bovey
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.], Macartney rose (Rosa bracteataWendl.), live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), and whitebrush (Aloysia lycioidesCham.) were sprayed with herbicides alone and in mixtures. Mixtures of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) + dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 0.56 + 0.56 and 1.12 + 1.12 kg/ha were most effective for killing honey mesquite in July. Picloram or picloram + dicamba were more effective for defoliating huisache than 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dicamba, or other mixtures of herbicides. On Macartney rose picloram as the salt or ester was most effective, but some mixtures of picloram plus either 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] or 2,4,5-T were as effective as picloram alone. On live oak, the most effective treatments generally contained at least 1.12 kg/ha of picloram either alone or in mixtures with dicamba or 2,4,5-T. Picloram alone killed as many or more whitebrush plants than MCPA [[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid], dicamba, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, or mixtures.

Evaluation of Polymerized Herbicides for Brush Control

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
R. E. Meyer ◽  
R. D. Baker ◽  
J. R. Baur
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Picolinic Acid ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Brush Control ◽  
Ulmus Alata ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Polymerized and conventional (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4-D), (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-picolinic acid (picloram) were applied alone and in certain combinations to several brush species. Generally there were no significant differences in effectiveness between conventional and polymerized herbicides on honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockrell), huisache(Acacia farnesianaL. Willd.), Macartney rose(Rosa bracteataWendl.), live oak(Quercus virginianaMill.), whitebrush(Aloysia lycioidesCham.), and winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.). Conventional granular picloram was more effective on yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.) than polymerized formulations.

Degradation of Dicamba, Picloram, and Four Phenoxy Herbicides in Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Altom ◽  
J. F. Stritzke
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Half Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Concentration ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The degradation rates of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dichlorprop [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], silvex [2,(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were determined in three soils. Herbicide breakdown was proportional to herbicide concentration, so half life of the various herbicides was calculated from linear regression of the logarithm transformed residue data. The average half life for 2,4-D, dichlorprop, silvex, 2,4,5-T, dicamba, and picloram were, respectively, 4 days, 10 days, 17 days, 20 days, 25 days, and greater than 100 days. The rate of degradation of 2,4-D was the same in all three soils, but for the other herbicides it was consistently faster in soil removed from under grass vegetation than from under trees.

Influence of Phenoxy Herbicides on Picloram Uptake and Phytotoxicity

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Hamill ◽  
L. W. Smith ◽  
C. M. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Foliar Uptake ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Red Kidney Bean ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Bean Weight

The foliar uptake of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and its phytotoxicity in mixtures with several phenoxy herbicides were studied using bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Red Kidney’). The greatest accumulation of picloram occurred in the growing point, stem, and axillary buds. Transport from the treated leaf occurred within 6 hr and continued for at least 7 days. The effectiveness of herbicide combinations containing picloram was related to the particular plant part measured. A synergistic reduction in fresh and dry red kidney bean weight was obtained with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid (mecoprop) when applied in combination with picloram, whereas 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and picloram gave an antagonistic response. An investigation of the antagonistic reaction of 2,4-DB with picloram indicated that picloram prevented the movement of 2,4-DB, while 2,4-DB increased both the distribution and the amount of picloram translocated from the point of application.

A Method for Simulating Subsurface Disposal of Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-372
Author(s):  
J.M. Cupello ◽  
A.L. Young ◽  
J.C.H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Butyl Esters ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Subsurface Injection ◽  
Intact Root

Specially designed growth boxes were used to simulate field subsurface injection of phenoxy herbicides. Sorghum (Sorghum vulgarePers.) seedlings were grown in stainless steel containers (inserts) which were placed in plexiglass boxes containing a soil layer that had received 2,240 kg/ha of a 50:50 mixture of then-butyl esters of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid] and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid]. Plant height data were collected periodically for all treatments. Subsurface herbicide application to both intact and cut root systems significantly altered root growth. Plants with treated, intact root systems showed retarded growth which became more pronounced with time. Plants whose root systems were treated, and cut on day 22, showed an initial acceleration of growth; a trend which eventually reversed itself and resulted in control plant height exceeding that of treated plants.

Evaluation of Seedling Progeny of Soybeans Treated with 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and Dicamba

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Thompson ◽  
D. B. Egli
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Seed were harvested from soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Cutler’] plants treated at flowering and pod filling with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB), and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). Progeny of plants treated at flowering with 2,4-D and 2,4-DB or at pod filling with the lowest rate were normal. When higher rates were applied at pod filling, these phenoxy herbicides caused appreciable injury to the progeny in the form of reduced emergence and dry weight and malformed unifoliate leaves. Dicamba was much more injurious to the progeny of treated plants than 2,4-D and 2,4-DB. Even at low rates dicamba caused reduced germination, emergence, and dry weight and malformed first trifoliate leaves.

Absorption and Penetration of Picloram and 2,4,5-T into Detached Live Oak Leaves

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Baur ◽  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
R. D. Baker ◽  
Imogene Riley
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Herbicide Concentration ◽  
Oak Leaves

Detached live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.) leaves were immersed in aqueous solutions of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) or (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) for periods up to 4 hr. Herbicide concentration ranged from 10−3to 10−6M; solutions were adjusted to either pH 4, 6, 7, or 8. Absorption of picloram in the presence of equimolar concentrations of 2,4,5-T exceeded that noted for picloram alone. The presence of picloram in the treating solutions had no effect on absorption of 2,4,5-T. This technique allows evaluation of absorption and penetration characteristics of mixtures of herbicides, solvents, and adjuvants.

Influence of Foam Adjuvants on Activity of Selected Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Mccall ◽  
C. J. Scifres ◽  
M. G. Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Residual Life ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Foam Generation ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Oil Water

Three blended foam adjuvants increased 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] uptake from aqueous solutions by detached live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.) leaves as compared to uptake from water alone. There were no differences in honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz.) D.C. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell] control with 2,4,5-T or 1:1 combinations of 2,4,5-T with picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) or with dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 0.56 kg/ha whether applied in water + 0.5% (v/v) foam adjuvant or in a diesel oil: water (1:4, v/v) emulsion. Residual life of picloram in native forages was not extended by foam carrier as compared to water, water and surfactant, and diesel oil:water emulsion as carrier. Foam generation from adjuvants with expansion ratios (ER) of two to four was less susceptible to alteration from addition of commercially-formulated herbicides than was an adjuvant with an ER of seven. Foam adjuvant ER's increased in a curvilinear fashion as water temperature was increased from 5 to 50 C.

Granular Herbicides for Woody Plant Control

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
H. L. Morton ◽  
J. R. Baur ◽  
J. D. Diaz-Colon ◽  
C. C. Dowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Plant Control

Granular 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) was effective in controlling live oak(Quercus virginiana(Mill.), huisache)(Acacia farnesiana(L.), Willd.), and yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.), but not honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell) in south Texas. Granular 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (bromacil) controlled live oak and huisache. Herbicides applied to soil were usually most effective in spring and fall during periods of active brush growth. Picloram granules applied in May to a mixed stand of woody plants in Puerto Rico usually were effective. However, rates up to 30 lb/A were ineffective on some species.

Wheat Tolerance to TCA for Green Foxtail Control

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. P. Chow ◽  
R. D. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Seven cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and one hybrid (Triticale hexaploid Lart. ‘Rosner’) were evaluated in seven field experiments and one greenhouse test for tolerance to the postemergence application of the sodium salt of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for the control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). The control of green foxtail and broadleaf weeds was also studied. Of the seven cultivars, ‘Pitic 62’ and ‘Stewart’ were most susceptible to injury from TCA. All other cultivars were tolerant to 0.56 kg/ha. ‘Selkirk’ appeared to be most resistant. With ‘Manitou’ 0.56 kg/ha of TCA gave about 50% control of green foxtail. Higher rates permitted increased growth of broadleaf weeds as a result of reduced competition from injured wheat and green foxtail. Control of all weeds was improved by 10 to 30% when TCA was applied with one of the phenoxy herbicides. Satisfactory crop tolerance and good weed control was achieved with 0.56 kg/ha TCA and 0.56 kg/ha of the amine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D).

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