Absorption and Translocation of Tetrafluron in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-565
Author(s):  
H. Pinto ◽  
F. T. Corbin
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Very High

Roots of 10- and 14-day-old seedlings and excised leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Coker 310’), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Florigiant’), and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) were treated with ring-labeled 14C-tetrafluron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl] urea} in liquid culture. Herbicide absorption and subsequent translocation were limited in peanuts, intermediate in cotton, and very high in jimsonweed and prickly sida. Absorption of 14C-tetrafluron increased with time in 10- and 14-day-old seedlings. After 6 h, 10-day-old jimsonweed had absorbed as much as 50% of the initial 10-μg dose, whereas peanuts absorbed only 10%. Almost 100% uptake was observed after 48 h with 14-day-old seedlings of jimsonweed and prickly sida. Methanol-extracted 14C increased with time, and was higher for the weeds than for the crops. Only a small fraction of methanol-insoluble radioactive material was obtained, with the largest value in 14-day-old cotton at 48 h (3.0%). Autoradiographs demonstrated more rapid translocation of radioactivity from roots to shoots in jimsonweed and prickly sida than in cotton and peanuts. Limited absorption and translocation of tetrafluron in seedlings of peanut and cotton, and the rapid absorption and subsequent accumulation of high concentrations in seedlings of jimsonweed and prickly sida, are proposed to explain the selective action observed.

Weed management in bromoxynil-resistantGossypium hirsutum

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary D. Paulsgrove ◽  
John W. Wilcut
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Cassia Occidentalis ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

An experiment was conducted at two locations in Georgia and two locations in North Carolina during 1994 and 1995 to evaluate weed management in conventional-tillage bromoxynil-resistantGossypium hirsutumL. (cotton). The weed management systems evaluated included different combinations of fluometuron preemergence (PRE), bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus MSMA early postemergence (EPOST), bromoxynil postemergence (POST), and cyanazine plus MSMA late post-directed (LAYBY). Fluometuron PRE improved control ofAcanthospermum hisptdiumDC. (bristly starbur),Cassia occidentalisL. (coffee senna),Chenopodium albumL. (common lambsquarters),Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC. (Florida beggarweed),Sida spinosaL. (prickly sida),Jacquemontia tamnifolia(L.) Griseb. (smallflower morningglory), andAnoda cristata(L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda), compared to system that did not use fluometuron PRE. It also improvedG. hirsutumyields at three four locations. Bromoxynil-containing systems provided better weed control and higherG. hirsutumyields than systems without bromoxynil. Bromoxynil EPOST controlledA. hispidium, C. occidentalis, C. album, D. tortuosum, S. spinosa, J. tamnifolia, andA. cristata.Control of these species was frequently improved by a second application of bromoxynil POST. Bromoxynil EPOST, POST, or EPOST plus POST did not controlSenna obtusifolia(L.) Irwin and Barneby (sicklepod), but the addition of MSMA to bromoxynil EPOST improvedS. obtusifoliacontrol. Control of all dicotyledonous weeds was improved by a LAYBY treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA, and yields were improved at three of four locations with this treatment.Gossypium hirsutumwas not injured by POST treatments of bromoxynil, and only temporary injury resulted from POST treatments of MSMA.

Imazethapyr for Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
F. Robert Walls ◽  
David N. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Pyridine Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Pyridine Carboxylic ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

Abstract Field experiments were conducted at the Tidewater Agric. Exp. Station, Suffolk, VA in 1988 and 1989 to evaluate imazethapyr [(±)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridine-carboxylic acid]for broadleaf weed control in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Imazethapyr was applied preplant-incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), at ground-cracking (GC), and postemergence (POT) at rates of 0.036, 0.071, or 0.105 kg ai ha-1. Several sequential imazathapyr systems were also included. The standard of pendimethalin (N-ethylpropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine) PPI, metolachlor(2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide) PRE, and acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) plus bentazon (3-(1-methyethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2, 2-dioxide) POT was included for comparative purposes. Imazethapyr applied either PPI or PRE at 0.071 or 0.105 kg ha-1 provided <90% spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), control and <96% prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), control. Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) control was 95% when imazathapyr was applied PRE at 0.105 kg ha-1. Greater than 90% annual morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) control was only achieved with imazethapyr applied PPI or PRE at 0.105 kg ha-1. The standard provided complete control of eclipta, and 51%, 92%, and 94% control of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), and annual morningglories, respectively. Several imazethapyr systems yielded equivalent to the standard. Averaged across all rates, imazathapyr applied PPI yielded 4110 kg ha-1, PRE = 3860 kg ha-1, GC = 3680 kg ha-1, and POT = 3370 kg ha-1. Several imazethapyr systems provided net returns equivalent to the standard. Corn grown the following year was not injured by any imazethapyr treatment to peanuts the previous year.

Weed Management in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with Flumioxazin Preemergence

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Askew ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
John R. Cranmer
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
And Control

Flumioxazin plus metolachlor mixtures preemergence (PRE) were evaluated with or without postemergence (POST) herbicides for weed control and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) response in three North Carolina studies. Metolachlor PRE at 2.24 kg ai/ha controlled goosegrass (Eleusine indica) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) 93 and 80%, respectively, and control was not improved with flumioxazin or norflurazon. Metolachlor plus flumioxazin PRE at 0.07 or 0.11 kg ai/ha controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album); entireleaf (Ipomoea hederaceavar.integriuscula), ivyleaf (I. hederacea), and pitted morningglory (I. lacunosa); and prickly sida (Sida spinosa) better than metolachlor plus norflurazon PRE at 1.34 kg ai/ha. Morningglories (Ipomoeaspp.) were controlled 77 and 86% with flumioxazin PRE at 0.07 and 0.11 kg/ha, respectively, and control was increased to nearly 100% with acifluorfen plus 2,4-DB or lactofen plus 2,4-DB POST. Peanut injury by flumioxazin and norflurazon was observed at one location in 1997; however, yields were not reduced. Peanut treated with metolachlor plus flumioxazin PRE at either rate yielded at least 3,750 kg/ha compared to 3,120 kg/ha with metolachlor plus norflurazon PRE or 1,320 kg/ha with metolachlor PRE.

Competition of Prickly Sida with Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Buchanan ◽  
R.H. Crowley ◽  
R.D. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Cotton Plant ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida

Seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) yields were not reduced when competing with prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) for 7 weeks or less after cotton emergence and maintained weed-free for the remainder of the season. Cotton yields were not affected when pure prickly sida stands were controlled for 5 to 6 weeks after cotton emergence and then allowed to grow uncontrolled for the remainder of the season. In the more severe weed competition treatments, cotton plant height and main stem diameter were reduced; however, yield of seed cotton was the most sensitive indicator of prickly sida competition. Maturity of cotton, as measured by percent of total yield obtained at first picking, indicated a delay in maturity in 1 of 3 yr in treatments where competing prickly sida was present for 8 weeks or more. In density studies, where prickly sida emerged with cotton and was allowed to compete for the full growing season, 45 prickly sida plants/15 m of row caused reductions in yield of seed cotton in two of five experiments. In another series of three experiments as few as 32 prickly sida plants/15 m of row significantly reduced seed cotton yields in two of the three experiments. Trash content of machine-harvested cotton was increased at densities of 64 and 128 prickly sida plants/15 m of row in one experiment. Staple length and grade of cotton were not affected by any weed density studied. Micronaire measurements of cotton were reduced at prickly sida densities of 64 and 128 weeds/15 m of row during 1972.

Influence of Time of Planting and Distance from the Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Row of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa), and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) on Competitiveness with Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Buchanan ◽  
J. E. Street ◽  
R. H. Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida

Influence of time of planting and distance from the cotton row of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL.), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) on yield of seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) was determined on Decatur clay loam during 1975 through 1978. Weed growth was measured in 1977 and 1978. Seeds of the three weed species were planted 15, 30, or 45 cm from the cotton row at time of planting cotton or 4 weeks later. Weeds planted 4 weeks after planting cotton grew significantly less than did weeds planted at the same time as cotton. When planted with cotton, redroot pigweed produced over twice as much fresh weight as did prickly sida or pitted morningglory. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect weed growth in 1978, but did in 1977. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect their competitiveness in any year as measured by yield of cotton. However, in each year, yields of cotton were reduced to a greater extent by weeds planted with cotton than when planted 4 weeks later. In 3 of 4 yr, there were significant differences in competitiveness of each of the three weed species with cotton.

Phytotoxicity of Methazole to Prickly Sida and Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-414
Author(s):  
E. R. Butts ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Over The Top

The differential tolerance of prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) to methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione]was studied under greenhouse conditions. Methazole at dosages up to 8.96 kg/ha did not affect emergence of either species. Applications via nutrient solution, as well as preemergence and postemergence (over-the-top) treatments were phytotoxic to both species, becoming more pronounced with increasing concentration and time. However, a margin of selectivity between species occurred at dosages from 0.56 to 3.36 kg/ha preemergence. Directed sprays of methazole were not injurious to cotton. Selectivity would be influenced by plant size and method of application as well as biochemical differences between species.

scholarly journals Influence of Application Rate and Timing of Diclosulam on Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Grey ◽  
D. C. Bridges ◽  
E. F. Eastin
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Herbicide Programs

Abstract Field studies were conducted from 1996 to 1998 in Georgia to determine peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and weed response to ethalfluralin (0.8 kg ai/ha) plus diclosulam applied preplant incorporated (PPI) at 9, 18, 26, 35 and 52 g ai/ha. Other treatments included ethalfluralin PPI followed by paraquat plus bentazon (140 and 280 g ai/ha, respectively) early postemergence (EPOST) applied alone or following ethalfluralin plus diclosulam (18 and 26 g ai/ha) PPI, ethalfluralin PPI followed by imazapic (71 g ai/ha) postemergence (POST), and ethalfluralin PPI. Ethalfluralin was applied PPI in all herbicide programs. Diclosulam controlled Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (Sweet) D.C.], sicklepod [Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby], and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) inconsistently, and POST application of paraquat plus bentazon was needed for acceptable control. However, diclosulam controlled common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), tropic croton (Croton glandulosus Muell-Arg.), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.), and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) without the need for POST herbicides. Higher yields were recorded with diclosulam PPI followed by a sequential application of paraquat plus bentazon than herbicide programs not containing diclosulam or diclosulam alone. Diclosulam PPI followed by sequential applications of paraquat plus bentazon provided greater control of sicklepod and prickly sida that resulted in greater yields. Yields from dicosulam PPI followed by paraquat plus bentazon EPOST were equivalent to yields with paraquat plus bentazon EPOST followed by imazapic POST or imazapic EPOST.

Weed Management in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with Diclosulam Preemergence

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Bailey ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Charles W. Swann ◽  
Vernon B. Langston
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Ipomoea Hederacea ◽  
Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida

Field studies were conducted at five locations in North Carolina and Virginia in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate weed control and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) response to diclosulam that was applied preemergence (PRE) and in systems with commercial standards. All plots received a preplant incorporated (PPI) treatment of ethalfluralin at 840 g ai/ha. Diclosulam controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), eclipta (Eclipta prostrataL.), entireleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederaceavar.integriusculaGray), ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq.], pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL.), and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) as well as and frequently better than the commercial standards of acifluorfen plus bentazon applied postemergence (POST), paraquat plus bentazon early POST followed by (fb) imazapic POST, or imazapic POST. Systems with ethalfluralin PPI plus diclosulam PRE at 26 g ai/ha fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST controlled a broader spectrum of weeds and yielded greater than systems of ethalfluralin PPI fb imazapic POST or ethalfluralin PPI fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST. Peanut exhibited excellent tolerance to diclosulam PRE at 17, 26, or 35 g/ha.

Effect of Weed Species and Placement on Seed Cotton Yields

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

Over a 3-yr period the placement of weeds in relation to cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) plants greatly influenced the seed cotton yields. After 3-yr of competition the cotton with no weeds yielded about 2300 kg/ha. With weeds confined to between-the-rows placement, yields were about 850 kg/ha. When weeds were confined to in-the-row placement, the cotton was completely shaded and produced no yield. After 3-yr of intense competition throughout each entire growing season no statistical differences were demonstrated between the competitiveness of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.], prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) to cotton.

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