Effects of Photoperiod and Temperature on Root Bud Development and Assimilate Translocation in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Phloem Translocation ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Root Buds

Adventitious root bud development and assimilate translocation were studied in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] grown in nutrient solution in controlled environments using combinations of two photoperiods (PP) (13 and 15 h), three day/night shoot temperatures (ST) (15/5, 25/15, and 30/22 C), and three root temperatures (RT) (10, 20, and 30 C). Total root bud elongation increased with RT and length of PP and was greatest (65 cm/plant) at 25/15 C ST, 15-h PP, and 30 C RT. The number of root buds produced was greatest at 20 C RT (7.3 to 10.3 buds/plant), whereas variations in PP and ST had little effect. Total dry-matter production was greatest (7.2 g/plant) at 15-h PP, 30/22 C ST, and 20 C RT. To study phloem translocation, photoassimilates were labeled in Canada thistle plants by exposing mature leaves to14CO2. Net assimilate translocation from a source leaf following 24-h temperature acclimation was affected little by RT and ST, but was greater under the 13-h PP than under the 15-h PP. After 7 days of temperature preconditioning, net translocation of14C-assimilates increased with both RT and ST, but no effects due to PP were noted. With 24-h temperature acclimation, net assimilate accumulation in roots was enhanced by 13-h PP and low ST (15/5 C), whereas RT itself had no effect. In temperature-preconditioned plants, 10 C RT enhanced assimilate accumulation in roots, but ST and PP had no effect.

Absorption, Translocation, and Foliar Activity of Clopyralid and Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm D. Devine ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Root Buds

Both14C-clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzensulfonamide} were readily absorbed by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] leaves, with 99 and 75%, respectively, of the applied doses absorbed 144 h after application. Absorbed14C-clopyralid was rapidly exported from the treated leaves, whereas14C-chlorsulfuron was translocated much more slowly. After 144 h, 29% of the applied14C-clopyralid and 5% of the applied14C-chlorsulfuron were recovered in the roots and developing root buds of Canada thistle plants. Smaller amounts of the two herbicides were absorbed and translocated in perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL. ♯ SONAR) than in Canada thistle. More14C-clopyralid than14C-chlorsulfuron was absorbed and translocated out of treated leaves of perennial sowthistle, but equal amounts, 3 to 4% of the applied doses, were recovered in the roots and root buds 144 h after application. Foliar applications of clopyralid, followed by removal of the treated shoot 24, 72, or 144 h after application, markedly reduced shoot regrowth in both Canada thistle and perennial sowthistle. Similar treatment with chlorsulfuron did not prevent shoot regrowth in either species.

Fall-Applied Glyphosate for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Carlson ◽  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Fall Application ◽  
Root Buds

Effects of repeated late-fall applications of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.7 kg ae/ha plus 0.5% (v/v) surfactant on adventitious root buds, thickened propagative roots (> 1.3 mm diam), and shoot density of Canada thistle were studied in continuous hard red spring wheat over a 4-yr period. Glyphosate suppressed Canada thistle shoot density more quickly and to a greater extent than thickened root fresh weight or root bud number. A single fall application of glyphosate drastically decreased Canada thistle shoot density for 1 yr after treatment. However, shoot density was the same as the untreated control by 2 yr after a single fall treatment. Two consecutive late-fall applications of glyphosate in 2 yr decreased Canada thistle shoot density 94% in the fall 1 yr after the last treatment. Glyphosate reduced Canada thistle thickened root fresh weight 70% in the first fall 1 yr after a single fall treatment. However, 2 yr after a single fall application of glyphosate, root fresh weight equalled the controls. Two consecutive fall applications of glyphosate reduced thickened root fresh weight 77% 1 yr after the second treatment.

Chlorsulfuron Effects on Shoot Growth and Root Buds of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Secondary Shoot ◽  
Root Buds

The effect of 67 g ai/ha chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] root bud growth was examined in a series of greenhouse trials in which potted plants were treated with foliar sprays. Injury to root buds was assayed by determining their ability to form secondary shoots. Added surfactant, 0.2% (v/v) oxysorbic [oxysorbic (20 POE) polyethylene sorbitan monooleate], did not enhance chlorsulfuron-induced inhibition of parent shoot growth, but it increased root bud injury from foliarly applied chlorsulfuron. Cuttings taken from controls formed more secondary shoots than did chlorsulfuron-treated plants 2 weeks following spraying. However, root fresh weight and final secondary shoot growth from cut roots were unchanged 3 weeks after chlorsulfuron treatment compared to the time of spraying. Foliar treatment or a combination of foliar and soil treatment inhibited root fresh weight accumulation and secondary shoot growth equally 1 month following treatment relative to harvest controls. Soil treatment alone did not reduce either root fresh weight gains or secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds. Foliar treatment of vegetative Canada thistle with chlorsulfuron inhibited subsequent secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds more than did treatment at flowering.

scholarly journals Secondary succession on an early abandoned field: vegetation composition and production of biomass

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Štolcová
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Succession ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
Intact Control ◽  
Abandoned Field ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Dicotyledonous Plants ◽  
Experimental Plots

During 1996–2000 the secondary succession on a field left fallow was investigated. The experimental area was divided into a ploughed and an unploughed part. Both parts were divided into 5 × 5 m plots that were either left intact (control), mowed in June or July, or superficially cultivated in June. The position of the plots was identical each year. In successive years total dry matter production decreased in all experimental plots; in unploughed plots more than in ploughed ones. The spread of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. was increased by ploughing and superficial cultivation. Ploughing stimulated the spread of perennial dicotyledonous plants more than mowing in June and July. Superficial cultivation increased the spread of perennial dicotyledonous plants in the first years. Later on the proportion of perennial dicotyledonous plants decreased and after 5 years the plots were dominated by Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski. The incidence of Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. was highest in the 5th year on unploughed control plots. The spread of perennial monocotyledonous plants was lowest in ploughed and superficially cultivated plots.

Effect of Soil-Applied Chlorsulfuron on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Chlorsulfuron [2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide], applied at 9 to 560 g ai/ha to the soil surface, stopped shoot elongation of well established Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. #4CIRAR] plants in the greenhouse. Root fresh weight decreased progressively as chlorsulfuron rate was increased when measured 1 month after treatment. In contrast, the number of visible root buds plus secondary shoots increased 1.9- to 2.3-fold between 9 and 67 g/ha chlorsulfuron 1 month after soil surface treatment. Despite more numerous root buds, the number of secondary shoots arising from adventitious root buds progressively decreased as chlorsulfuron rate was raised. Increases in the number of visible root buds were observed first between 3 and 4 weeks following soil application with 67 g/ha of chlorsulfuron, 2 weeks after shoot growth stopped.

Seasonal Variations in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root Bud Growth and Root Carbohydrate Reserves

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Light ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] root samples were collected at monthly intervals over a 2-yr period from two locations to determine seasonal fluctuations in the presence and growth potential of root buds. Root bud growth was highest during late fall and winter months following death of the aerial shoots. Root fragments incubated at a constant 15 C for 2 weeks in continuous light consistently had more buds than nonincubated roots, which indicated active bud differentiation during the incubation period. Incubated roots produced 3 to 9 cm of new shoot length/cm root length. There were no obvious seasonal patterns in the presence of root buds or their ability to elongate at different times of the year. Carbohydrate reserves were stored preferentially in roots rather than in developing root buds or the bases of shoots. These reserves ranged from as low as 3% of root fresh weight during spring months to as high as 26% in late fall months, although the levels did not increase consistently during summer months over the locations and years of this study.

The effect of differences in intensity and frequency of defoliation on the growth of Sirolan phalaris in the field

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill ◽  
RW Watson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Cutting Interval ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Factor Governing

A two-year old sward of Phalaris aquatica cultivar Sirolan was cut at 2-, 4-, 6- or 12-week intervals and at heights of 2 or 7 cm over two 12-week cycles from June to November 1986. Defoliation treatments were split and 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen was applied to half the plot at the beginning of each cycle. Tiller density and dry matter production were measured throughout winter and spring of 1986, and in two 6-week regrowth periods in 1987.During winter, high cutting always gave less harvested dry matter than low cutting. In spring, the regression lines relating cutting frequency to cumulative harvested dry matter crossed over at a frequency of about 5 weeks. Below this frequency high cutting yielded more harvested dry matter than low cutting. High cutting gradually changed sward appearance in winter, resulting in better yields at later harvests. At the conclusion of spring cutting, there were more dead tillers on plots cut at 6- and 12-week intervals than on those cut every 2 or 4 weeks, while numbers of live tillers increased progressively as cutting interval rose from 2 to 12 weeks. Regrowth in autumn 1987 was much better on plots cut every 12 weeks than on other plots, primarily owing to the greater vigour of individual tillers, but also owing to higher tiller numbers. The timing of defoliation in spring appeared to be the most important factor governing crown bud production and regrowth in the following season. Spelling in spring is recommended to permit reproductive and crown bud development in Sirolan.

Fall-applied Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Control in Reduced-till Spring Wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Root Buds

Several sequences of POST herbicides applied each year in fall alone, in spring alone, or both in fall and again in spring controlled Canada thistle stands in spring wheat by severely decreasing root biomass and the numbers of adventitious root buds to a depth of 50 cm over four years. These treatments included dicamba applied at 1.7 or 2.2 kg ae ha–1for the first two successive falls followed in wheat by either chlorsulfuron at 30 g ai ha–1plus nonionic surfactant, MCPA plus bromoxynil at 280 plus 280 g ha–1, or 2,4-D amine at 560 g ha–1applied annually for each of four consecutive years from the start. Chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha–1applied alone in spring for each of four years also reduced and prevented Canada thistle root growth as effectively as a sequence of fall-applied dicamba followed by spring-applied chlorsulfuron in spring wheat.

Root versus shoot measurements to evaluate recovery of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) after several years of control treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Root Buds

Several methods were compared for estimating long-term control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] after ending several years of herbicide treatment. Simple linear regression equations using shoot density m−2, numbers of adventitious root buds, or root fresh weight, measured in late summer after several years of herbicide treatment, were equally accurate in estimating Canada thistle shoot density m−2 in early June of the following year (R2 = 0.77–0.81). In contrast, shoot density m−2 measured in late summer estimated shoot density m−2 in late summer of the following year more accurately (R2 = 0.93) than did either root growth variable (R2 values = 0.80–0.83). Key words: Adventitious root buds, perennial weed, root

Clopyralid Effects on Shoot Emergence, Root Biomass, and Secondary Shoot Regrowth Potential of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Secondary Shoot ◽  
Root Buds

The root fresh weight of intact Canada thistle plants was greater than that of decapitated plants 2 months following soil surface treatment with clopyralid at 140 g ai/ha. Nevertheless, secondary shoot regrowth potential was reduced to the same extent for both intact and decapitated plants after clopyralid treatment. Soil-applied clopyralid did not reduce root biomass as much as it reduced secondary shoot regrowth potential from adventitious root buds. Increasing the clopyralid rate from 11 to 1120 g/ha progressively reduced the total number of emerged shoots more than root fresh weight 2 months after treatment of decapitated Canada thistle. Increasing the clopyralid rate also reduced the regrowth potential of secondary shoots from root buds proportionately more than it reduced root biomass. Secondary shoots emerging through a surface layer of soil treated with clopyralid at 140 g/ha absorbed phytotoxic amounts of clopyralid. Secondary shoot numbers were not reduced after emerging through an activated charcoal layer into herbicide-treated soil, but they were deformed and their dry weight was reduced as was later secondary shoot regrowth potential.

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