Fall-Applied Glyphosate for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Carlson ◽  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Fall Application ◽  
Root Buds

Effects of repeated late-fall applications of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.7 kg ae/ha plus 0.5% (v/v) surfactant on adventitious root buds, thickened propagative roots (> 1.3 mm diam), and shoot density of Canada thistle were studied in continuous hard red spring wheat over a 4-yr period. Glyphosate suppressed Canada thistle shoot density more quickly and to a greater extent than thickened root fresh weight or root bud number. A single fall application of glyphosate drastically decreased Canada thistle shoot density for 1 yr after treatment. However, shoot density was the same as the untreated control by 2 yr after a single fall treatment. Two consecutive late-fall applications of glyphosate in 2 yr decreased Canada thistle shoot density 94% in the fall 1 yr after the last treatment. Glyphosate reduced Canada thistle thickened root fresh weight 70% in the first fall 1 yr after a single fall treatment. However, 2 yr after a single fall application of glyphosate, root fresh weight equalled the controls. Two consecutive fall applications of glyphosate reduced thickened root fresh weight 77% 1 yr after the second treatment.

Seasonal Variations in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root Bud Growth and Root Carbohydrate Reserves

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Light ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] root samples were collected at monthly intervals over a 2-yr period from two locations to determine seasonal fluctuations in the presence and growth potential of root buds. Root bud growth was highest during late fall and winter months following death of the aerial shoots. Root fragments incubated at a constant 15 C for 2 weeks in continuous light consistently had more buds than nonincubated roots, which indicated active bud differentiation during the incubation period. Incubated roots produced 3 to 9 cm of new shoot length/cm root length. There were no obvious seasonal patterns in the presence of root buds or their ability to elongate at different times of the year. Carbohydrate reserves were stored preferentially in roots rather than in developing root buds or the bases of shoots. These reserves ranged from as low as 3% of root fresh weight during spring months to as high as 26% in late fall months, although the levels did not increase consistently during summer months over the locations and years of this study.

Chlorsulfuron Effects on Shoot Growth and Root Buds of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Secondary Shoot ◽  
Root Buds

The effect of 67 g ai/ha chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] root bud growth was examined in a series of greenhouse trials in which potted plants were treated with foliar sprays. Injury to root buds was assayed by determining their ability to form secondary shoots. Added surfactant, 0.2% (v/v) oxysorbic [oxysorbic (20 POE) polyethylene sorbitan monooleate], did not enhance chlorsulfuron-induced inhibition of parent shoot growth, but it increased root bud injury from foliarly applied chlorsulfuron. Cuttings taken from controls formed more secondary shoots than did chlorsulfuron-treated plants 2 weeks following spraying. However, root fresh weight and final secondary shoot growth from cut roots were unchanged 3 weeks after chlorsulfuron treatment compared to the time of spraying. Foliar treatment or a combination of foliar and soil treatment inhibited root fresh weight accumulation and secondary shoot growth equally 1 month following treatment relative to harvest controls. Soil treatment alone did not reduce either root fresh weight gains or secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds. Foliar treatment of vegetative Canada thistle with chlorsulfuron inhibited subsequent secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds more than did treatment at flowering.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Tolerance to Triallate Applied Spring Preplant-Incorporated

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 652-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. McMullan ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Application Date ◽  
Solid Stem ◽  
Treated Layer

Research was conducted to determine environmental and cultural factors influencing triallate phytotoxicity to hard red spring wheat. Triallate injured ‘Alex’ wheat more than ‘Coteau’ but injury was not influenced by triallate application date. Wild oat control was greater when triallate was applied immediately before seeding compared to 12 d before seeding. Triallate tolerance in wheat did not relate to solid stem characteristic. Injury was highest when wheat was seeded in a 4-cm incorporated triallate layer and least when wheat was seeded below the treated layer. However, triallate injury to wheat was similar at both seeding depths within the 8-cm incorporated triallate layer. Triallate at 1.1 kg ai ha-1reduced wheat fresh weight approximately 33% with a soil at 8 C but over 84% with a soil at 24 C.

Effect of Soil-Applied Chlorsulfuron on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Chlorsulfuron [2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide], applied at 9 to 560 g ai/ha to the soil surface, stopped shoot elongation of well established Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. #4CIRAR] plants in the greenhouse. Root fresh weight decreased progressively as chlorsulfuron rate was increased when measured 1 month after treatment. In contrast, the number of visible root buds plus secondary shoots increased 1.9- to 2.3-fold between 9 and 67 g/ha chlorsulfuron 1 month after soil surface treatment. Despite more numerous root buds, the number of secondary shoots arising from adventitious root buds progressively decreased as chlorsulfuron rate was raised. Increases in the number of visible root buds were observed first between 3 and 4 weeks following soil application with 67 g/ha of chlorsulfuron, 2 weeks after shoot growth stopped.

Evaluation of Glyphosate-Resistant Hard Red Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 706-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk A. Howatt ◽  
Gregory J. Endres ◽  
Paul E. Hendrickson ◽  
Ezra Z. Aberle ◽  
John R. Lukach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Wild Buckwheat ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Better Than

The potential for future commercialization of glyphosate-resistant wheat necessitates evaluation of agronomic merits of this technology. Experiments were established to evaluate glyphosate-resistant wheat and weed responses to glyphosate rate, application timing, and tank mixtures. Glyphosate at 1,680 g/ha did not injure wheat. Wheat response to glyphosate applied to one- to three- or three- to five-leaf wheat was not different from that of untreated wheat. Wheat was injured more from glyphosate plus thifensulfuron or glyphosate plus dicamba than from individual herbicides at one of six locations, but grain yield was not affected by glyphosate tank mixtures. Glyphosate application timing did not affect control of wild oat or common lambsquarters 56 d after treatment. Glyphosate when applied to one- to three-leaf wheat provided better control of wild buckwheat than later glyphosate application, whereas glyphosate applied to three- to five-leaf wheat provided the best control of green and yellow foxtail, redroot pigweed, and Canada thistle. Weed control with glyphosate tended to be better than with conventional herbicides, and wheat treated with glyphosate produced approximately 10% more grain than wheat treated with conventional herbicide tank mixes.

Fall-applied Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Control in Reduced-till Spring Wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Root Buds

Several sequences of POST herbicides applied each year in fall alone, in spring alone, or both in fall and again in spring controlled Canada thistle stands in spring wheat by severely decreasing root biomass and the numbers of adventitious root buds to a depth of 50 cm over four years. These treatments included dicamba applied at 1.7 or 2.2 kg ae ha–1for the first two successive falls followed in wheat by either chlorsulfuron at 30 g ai ha–1plus nonionic surfactant, MCPA plus bromoxynil at 280 plus 280 g ha–1, or 2,4-D amine at 560 g ha–1applied annually for each of four consecutive years from the start. Chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha–1applied alone in spring for each of four years also reduced and prevented Canada thistle root growth as effectively as a sequence of fall-applied dicamba followed by spring-applied chlorsulfuron in spring wheat.

Root versus shoot measurements to evaluate recovery of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) after several years of control treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Root Buds

Several methods were compared for estimating long-term control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] after ending several years of herbicide treatment. Simple linear regression equations using shoot density m−2, numbers of adventitious root buds, or root fresh weight, measured in late summer after several years of herbicide treatment, were equally accurate in estimating Canada thistle shoot density m−2 in early June of the following year (R2 = 0.77–0.81). In contrast, shoot density m−2 measured in late summer estimated shoot density m−2 in late summer of the following year more accurately (R2 = 0.93) than did either root growth variable (R2 values = 0.80–0.83). Key words: Adventitious root buds, perennial weed, root

Clopyralid Effects on Shoot Emergence, Root Biomass, and Secondary Shoot Regrowth Potential of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Secondary Shoot ◽  
Root Buds

The root fresh weight of intact Canada thistle plants was greater than that of decapitated plants 2 months following soil surface treatment with clopyralid at 140 g ai/ha. Nevertheless, secondary shoot regrowth potential was reduced to the same extent for both intact and decapitated plants after clopyralid treatment. Soil-applied clopyralid did not reduce root biomass as much as it reduced secondary shoot regrowth potential from adventitious root buds. Increasing the clopyralid rate from 11 to 1120 g/ha progressively reduced the total number of emerged shoots more than root fresh weight 2 months after treatment of decapitated Canada thistle. Increasing the clopyralid rate also reduced the regrowth potential of secondary shoots from root buds proportionately more than it reduced root biomass. Secondary shoots emerging through a surface layer of soil treated with clopyralid at 140 g/ha absorbed phytotoxic amounts of clopyralid. Secondary shoot numbers were not reduced after emerging through an activated charcoal layer into herbicide-treated soil, but they were deformed and their dry weight was reduced as was later secondary shoot regrowth potential.

Retreatment with Fall-Applied Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Abandoned Farmland ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Root Buds

This field research was designed to compare the long-term effectiveness of late-September applications of several herbicides for reducing Canada thistle shoot density on noncropped, untilled abandoned farmland when reapplied annually for 3 yr. Clopyralid at 560 and 840 g ae ha−1or picloram at 280 and 560 g ae ha−1reduced Canada thistle shoot density as well as either glyphosate3at 0.8 to 2.8 kg ae ha−1or dicamba at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1. These treatments were much more effective than 2,4-D at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1, chlorsulfuron at 34 and 67 g ai ha−1, and metsulfuron at 34 and 67 g ha−1for progressively reducing Canada thistle shoot density over three annual fall applications. Picloram and clopyralid greatly reduced and delayed shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring after two fall-applied treatments compared with nontreated checks.

Effectiveness and economics of repeated sequences of herbicides for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control in reduced-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald ◽  
Tony Prato
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Several postemergence herbicides applied in fall for 2 yr either alone or followed by other spring-applied herbicides for 4 yr reduced densities of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) infesting reduced-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, fall-applied herbicides for 2 yr had little value for maintaining long-term Canada thistle control, unless supplemented by in-crop herbicide treatment. Neither fall-applied dicamba at 1.7 or 2.2 kg ha−1, glyphosate at 1.7 kg ha−1 plus nonionic surfactant, nor 2,4-D at 1.7 kg ha−1 applied each of 2 yr kept Canada thistle densities below that of the untreated check through year five. Spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1 plus nonionic surfactant for each of four consecutive years reduced Canada thistle density in wheat to the same extent as fall-applied dicamba followed by chlorsulfuron applied in wheat. Fall herbicide treatments, with or without in-crop herbicide treatments, were economically risky and were seldom profitable. The relative ranking of farmer preference for five treatments common to two trials was similar: untreated check ≥ spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1 ≥ fall-applied dicamba at either 1.7 or 2.2 kg ha−1 (rank reverses between trials 1 and 2) ≥ fall-applied dicamba at 2.2 kg ha−1 followed by spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1. The only treatments that were preferred to the untreated check were both spring-applied 2,4-D at 560 g ha−1 and fall-applied 2,4-D at 1.7 kg ha−1 in trial 1 and both spring-applied (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA) plus bromoxynil 280 plus 280 g ha−1, respectively, and spring-applied 2,4-D plus clopyralid at 280 plus 70 g ha−1, respectively, in trial 2.Key words: Bromoxynil + MCPA, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, glyphosate, 2,4-D

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