Application of Foliar Fertilizer and Planting Media On Cattleya sp. Orchid Growth

Cattleya is one of the orchid genera, it has many fans. Labellum is large and strike colors. Intergeneric crosses have been made to produce soft colored flower, such as white, pink, red, yellow and brown. Cattleya orchids are known to have large flowers, and they are commonly referred to as The Queen of Orchid. These species are cultivated by several botanists as cut flower commodities. The price of cattleya is costly, so it becomes a business opportunity that needs to be developed. This study aims to examine the types of foliar fertilizers and planting media used on the growth of cattleya orchids. It was conducted between May and August 2021 in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta using a Split Plot Design with factorial. The first factor, which is foliar fertilizer, consists of quick grow, AB mix, and focus grow. The second factor of planting media includes fern roots, black moss, and kadaka roots media. The result showed that AB Mix on fern and kadaka media produced similar plant height compared to other treatments. While on kadaka media, it produced the best leaf length and width, as well as shoot length. Furthermore, the shoot emergence and the number of roots did not show a significant difference. The plants that received quick grow treatment on kadaka and black moss media had similar growth. The number of roots provided the best growth of kadaka and ferns. Further study should be conducted to test AB Mix with various concentrations and planting media.

Shoot Growth and Flower Bud Production of Peony Plants under Subtropical Conditions

Peony plants require temperate winter temperatures to break underground bud dormancy and allow shoot emergence and flowering in spring. This study assessed whether artificial chilling at 4 °C for 2–6 weeks could induce shoot emergence and flowering under subtropical conditions. It also assessed whether pre-treatment at cool temperatures prior to chilling, or gibberellin application after chilling, promoted shoot emergence and flowering. Artificial chilling at 4 °C for 4 or 6 weeks promoted the greatest shoot emergence. Pre-treatment at cool temperatures did not affect shoot growth or flower bud production but it improved shoot emergence from plants also treated with gibberellin. Gibberellin more than doubled the number of shoots per plant without affecting shoot length. The optimal treatment combination for shoot emergence, growth and flower bud production was pre-treatment from 20 °C to 8 °C over an 8-day period in autumn, chilling at 4 °C for 6 weeks in early winter, and treatment with 250 mL of 100 mg/L GA3, before returning plants to subtropical winter conditions. This treatment combination provided medians of 3 (0–7) and 8 (0–31) flower buds per plant in the second and third years of production, respectively. Peony flowers can be produced in subtropical climates using artificial chilling and gibberellin, allowing out-of-season market supply.

Deep complex morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Viburnum plicatum var. formosanum (Adoxaceae) from subtropical mountains

Viburnum is a temperate-zone genus that also occurs in mountains of South America and Malesia, and seeds of many species have morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Information on the level of MPD in seeds of species in various clades of Viburnum potentially would increase our understanding of the evolutionary relationships between the nine levels of MPD. Our aim was to determine the level of MPD in seeds of Viburnum plicatum var. formosanum that is endemic to mountains (1800–3000 m a.s.l.) in Taiwan and a member of the Lutescentia clade. The temperature requirements for embryo growth and root and shoot emergence and response of seeds to gibberellic acid (GA) were determined. No fresh seeds germinated during 16 weeks of incubation at 15/5, 20/10, 25/15, 30/20 or 25°C. Embryo growth and root emergence occurred during moist cold stratification at 5°C or at a temperature sequence of 15/5 to 5°C. During cold stratification, embryos length increased from 0.76 ± 0.06 to 3.40 ± 0.26 mm and the embryo length:seed length ratio from 0.20 ± 0.02 to 0.68 ± 0.07. In a temperature sequence simulating field conditions, embryos grew inside seeds at 5°C, roots emerged at 15/5°C and shoots emerged at 20/10°C. The optimum temperature for embryo growth was 5°C. Neither GA3 nor GA4 was effective in promoting root emergence. We conclude that seeds of V. plicatum var. formosanum have deep complex MPD, which is a first report for Viburnum. Dormancy release during the cool season at high elevations helps to ensure that seeds germinate at the beginning of the warm season.

Crop Germinative Emergence of Maize (Zea mays) and Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) as Affected by Plastic Waste Material

Plastic waste material continues to present environmental challenges throughout the world. Of greatest concern is their disposal in agricultural soils where they interfere with soil fertility due to its inability to decompose fast. Specifically, the research examined under experimental conditions the crop germinative emergence of (Zea mays L.) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) as affected by plastic waste material commonly disposed in urban and rural environments of Kenya. The plastic types were identified by their thickness of 30 microns. The experiment was laid out in a 2 by 1 Randomized Block Design (Latin Square) with two replicates in plots each measuring 1m x 1m. The data collected involved determination of emergence percent cover. The date of planting was noted and records were taken from the day first shoot emergence was observed in controls for 10 days. Percent emergence measurements was done for at least 10 days and this involved taking of vertical photographs of each plot from the day first shoot emergence was observed in controls. Assumptions of normality were found to be satisfactory and the set hypotheses were supported by the results. In the overall, there were significant differences (P<0.05) between E. coracana planted in soils mixed with 6 microns thick plastic material and the ones planted in controls. The EPC mean for the E. coracana planted in soils mixed with 30 microns thick plastic material was 25.78%, while controls had 75.58%. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between Z. mays in soils mixed with 6 microns thick plastic material and the ones planted in controls. The EPC mean for the Z. mays planted in soils mixed with thick plastic material was 41.52%, while that of control groups was 86.18%. In conclusion, there were a significant difference (P<0.05) in effects of 6 microns’ thick plastic material on germinative emergence of the two food crops, that is; E. coracana and Z. mays and hence the study recommends that, plastic waste material of any thickness should be avoided on farmlands where Z. mays and E. coracana are grown.

Regenerasi Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor) melalui Kultur In Vitro

Sorghum has great potential to be developed as a food source in Indonesia. This study aims to regenerate sweet sorghum in vitro, by adding coconut water and garlic powder to tissue culture. The experiment used a completely randomized design with two treatment factors, and with 2 replications. The first factor was the concentration of coconut water (A), consisting of: A0 (0 mL/L), A1 (50 mL/L), A2 (100 mL/L), A3 (150 mL/L), and A4 (200 mL/L). The second factor was the concentration of garlic powder (B), consisting of : B0 (0 g/L), B1 (10 g/L), B2 (20 g/L), B3 (30 g/L), and B4 (40 g/L). Data were analysis by the analysis of variance wth the F test and DMRT follow-up test at a 0,05 level. The results of the F test showed that the variables of the time of shoot emergence, shoot height at the age of 3, 12, 15, and 18 days after initiation (DAI) were not significantly affected by treatments A, B, and their interaction (A×B), also the percentage of shoot emergence in treatments A, B, and shoot height in treatments B. Variables of shoot number and shoot height at 6 DAI were affected by treatments A, B, and A×B, also the percentage of shoot emergence in treatment A, and shoot height 9 DAI in treatments A and B. DMRT test results showed that the A4 treatment gave the best results on shoot percentage, shoot height at 6 and 9 DAI, and treatment B2 on shoot number. The addition of 200 mL/L coconut water increased shoot height and 20 g/l garlic powder increased the number of shoots in this study. Keywords: coconut water, concentration, garlic, in vitro regeneration, sorghum. ABSTRAK Sorgum memiliki potensi yang besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber pangan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meregenerasi sorgum manis secara in vitro, dari kultur jaringan. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan dua faktor perlakuan, dan dengan 2 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi air kelapa (A), terdiri dari: A0 (0 mL/L), A1 (50 mL/L), A2 (100 mL/L), A3 (150 mL/L), dan A4 (200 mL/L). Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi bubuk bawang putih (B), terdiri B0 (0 g/L), B1 (10 g/L), B2 (20 g/L), B3 (30 g/L), dan B4 (40 g/L). Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragan dengan uji F dan uji lanjut DMRT pada taraf 0,05. Hasil uji F menunjukkan bahwa variabel saat munculnya tunas, tinggi tunas pada umur 3, 12, 15, dan 18 hari setelah inisiasi (HSI) tidak nyata dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan A, B, maupun interaksinya (A×B), demikian juga persentase munculnya tunas pada perlakuan A, B, serta tinggi tunas pada perlakuan B. Variabel-variabel jumlah tunas, tinggi tunas 6 HSI dipengaruh secara nyata oleh perlakuan A, B, maupun A×B, demikian juga persentase munculnya tunas pada perlakuan A, serta tinggi tunas 9 HSI pada perlakuan A dan B. Hasil uji DMRT menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan A4 memberikan hasil terbaik pada persentase tunas, tinggi tunas 6 dan 9 HSI, serta faktor B2 pada jumlah tunas. Penambahan air kelapa 200 mL/L meningkatkan tinggi tunas dan 20 g/L bubuk bawang putih meningkatkan jumlah tunas pada penelitian ini. Kata kunci: air kelapa, bawang putih, konsentrasi, regenerasi in vitro, sorgum

In Vitro Propagation of Tribulus terrestris with IAA and BAP Concentrations

<p><em>Tribulus terrestris</em> is conventionally propagated using seeds but has limited germination capacity. One approach that can be done for this plant multiplication is in vitro tissue culture. This study was conducted to determine the growth potential of <em>T. terrestris</em> in vitro by the addition of auxin (IAA) and cytokinin (BAP) as growth regulators at several concentrations. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta from February to December 2017. The experiment employed factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 2 factors, namely IAA concentration (0 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 0.2 ppm, 0.3 ppm), and BAP concentration (0 ppm, 0.3 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 0.7 ppm). The observed growth parameters were shoot emergence time, leaf emergence time, root emergence time, number of leaves, and number of roots. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by DMRT with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the addition of IAA only affects leaf emergence time, while the addition of BAP had a significant effect on the leaf emergence time and number of leaves. The interactions between IAA and BAP had a significant effect on leaf emergence time.</p><p> </p><p align="left">Keywords: explant; plant growth; tissue culture.</p>

Biology and bulb production of Eleutherine bulbosa (Iridaceae), a native species from Borneo, Indonesia

Eleutherine bulbosa is a known ornamental plant of the Iris family, which originated from Central Borneo, Indonesia. The bulbs of E. bulbosa have long been used as a medicinal source by the local people of Borneo. Despite its known medicinal and other values, studies on the morphology and efficiency in bulb production of this species are limited. The aims of our study are to examine the vegetative and reproductive morphology of E. bulbosa, and to determine the effect of various dosages of NPK fertilizer on flowering and bulb production. The plants were grown in pots using potting mix consists of equal volume of burnt rice hulls, cocopeat, and organic manures (1:1:1). Our study showed that E. bulbosa has a cymose rhipidium inflorescence with 25-50 mm long peduncles, have 3-4 umbel on the secondary axis, each consists of 10-12 florets that opens in turn every day. Florets are 20-30 mm long, 20 mm in diameter, 10-15 mm pedicels, and short-lived. The perianth is white, about 25 mm wide with yellow anthers and stigma. Fruits were not formed during the duration of the study. NPK fertilizer application at the lowest dose of 1 g per pot had promoted earlier shoot emergence and vegetative growth, including plant height, leaf number, leaf size, number of tillers, and bulb production compared to control (no fertilizer). Application of fertilizer at 1 and 2 g per plant significantly promoted earlier flowering, whereas application at 3 g per plant delayed and reduced the proportion of flowering plants. The results of this study can aid in taxonomic identification and efficient cultivation of this plant for uses as potted flowering ornamentals or bulb production for different purposes. Higher cultivation and reduced wild harvesting can result in the conservation of this species.

Intermediate Epicotyl Physiological Dormancy in the Recalcitrant Seed of Quercus chungii F.P.Metcalf with the Elongated Cotyledonary Petiole

Control of seed germination and dormancy is important in seed plant adaptation and evolution. When studying seed dormancy of Quercus species, we observed a substantially delayed shoot emergence following a fast root emergence in Quercus chungii F.P.Metcalf. Since epicotyl physiological dormancy (PD) has not been reported in Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis, we examined seed morphology and germination in Q. chungii and aimed to document epicotyl PD in the seeds. The embryo was fully developed in fresh ripe seeds. The elongating cotyledonary petiole pushed the embryo axis out of the seed during germination, which differed from observations in other Quercus species. Shoots emerged from seeds with developing roots after 3 months of warm stratification (35/25 °C), reaching the highest percentage of shoot emergence in seeds after 5 months. Seeds were recalcitrant and displayed a yet unreported epicotyl PD type, for which we propose the formula Cnd(root) ‒ Cp’’ 2b(shoot). Early emergence and development of the root system in Q. chungii seeds with epicotyl PD appears to be a mechanism to maintain a constant water supply to the shoot during plumule development and emergence. Our documentation of seed germination will provide guidance for the conservation and restoration of this species from seeds.

Addition of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) to Induction of Drendan Seeds Buds (Lansium domesticum var. aqueum (Jack) Miq.) by In Vitro

Drendan (Lansium domesticum var. aqueum (Jack) Miq. is one of Indonesia's native tropical fruits. Drendan has high antioxidant activity and contains high nutrients, but has started to rarely be found in the field because its management and cultivation is rarely done due to its sour taste in vitro culture is a method or technique of plant propagation which can be an alternative to obtaining drendan seedlings in large quantities and in a short time vegetatively. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of BAP on shoot induction from drendan seed explants and determine the best concentration of BAP on shoot growth of drendan seed explants in vitro. This study used a completely randomized design with BAP concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 mg / L BAP. The result of this research is the addition of BAP has been able to increase the percentage of live explants and the percentage of shoot formation. Giving BAP did not significantly affect the number of shoots and had a significant effect on shoot emergence time and shoot length. The addition of BAP resulted in slower shoot emergence time. Giving BAP was not able to stimulate shoot induction, but the addition of BAP could increase shoot length growth at a concentration of 5 mg / L BAP of 0.52 cm.