Root versus shoot measurements to evaluate recovery of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) after several years of control treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Root Buds

Several methods were compared for estimating long-term control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] after ending several years of herbicide treatment. Simple linear regression equations using shoot density m−2, numbers of adventitious root buds, or root fresh weight, measured in late summer after several years of herbicide treatment, were equally accurate in estimating Canada thistle shoot density m−2 in early June of the following year (R2 = 0.77–0.81). In contrast, shoot density m−2 measured in late summer estimated shoot density m−2 in late summer of the following year more accurately (R2 = 0.93) than did either root growth variable (R2 values = 0.80–0.83). Key words: Adventitious root buds, perennial weed, root

Retreatment with Fall-Applied Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Abandoned Farmland ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Root Buds

This field research was designed to compare the long-term effectiveness of late-September applications of several herbicides for reducing Canada thistle shoot density on noncropped, untilled abandoned farmland when reapplied annually for 3 yr. Clopyralid at 560 and 840 g ae ha−1or picloram at 280 and 560 g ae ha−1reduced Canada thistle shoot density as well as either glyphosate3at 0.8 to 2.8 kg ae ha−1or dicamba at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1. These treatments were much more effective than 2,4-D at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1, chlorsulfuron at 34 and 67 g ai ha−1, and metsulfuron at 34 and 67 g ha−1for progressively reducing Canada thistle shoot density over three annual fall applications. Picloram and clopyralid greatly reduced and delayed shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring after two fall-applied treatments compared with nontreated checks.

Fall-Applied Glyphosate for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Carlson ◽  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Fall Application ◽  
Root Buds

Effects of repeated late-fall applications of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.7 kg ae/ha plus 0.5% (v/v) surfactant on adventitious root buds, thickened propagative roots (> 1.3 mm diam), and shoot density of Canada thistle were studied in continuous hard red spring wheat over a 4-yr period. Glyphosate suppressed Canada thistle shoot density more quickly and to a greater extent than thickened root fresh weight or root bud number. A single fall application of glyphosate drastically decreased Canada thistle shoot density for 1 yr after treatment. However, shoot density was the same as the untreated control by 2 yr after a single fall treatment. Two consecutive late-fall applications of glyphosate in 2 yr decreased Canada thistle shoot density 94% in the fall 1 yr after the last treatment. Glyphosate reduced Canada thistle thickened root fresh weight 70% in the first fall 1 yr after a single fall treatment. However, 2 yr after a single fall application of glyphosate, root fresh weight equalled the controls. Two consecutive fall applications of glyphosate reduced thickened root fresh weight 77% 1 yr after the second treatment.

Effect of Soil-Applied Chlorsulfuron on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Chlorsulfuron [2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide], applied at 9 to 560 g ai/ha to the soil surface, stopped shoot elongation of well established Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. #4CIRAR] plants in the greenhouse. Root fresh weight decreased progressively as chlorsulfuron rate was increased when measured 1 month after treatment. In contrast, the number of visible root buds plus secondary shoots increased 1.9- to 2.3-fold between 9 and 67 g/ha chlorsulfuron 1 month after soil surface treatment. Despite more numerous root buds, the number of secondary shoots arising from adventitious root buds progressively decreased as chlorsulfuron rate was raised. Increases in the number of visible root buds were observed first between 3 and 4 weeks following soil application with 67 g/ha of chlorsulfuron, 2 weeks after shoot growth stopped.

Fall-applied Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Control in Reduced-till Spring Wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Root Buds

Several sequences of POST herbicides applied each year in fall alone, in spring alone, or both in fall and again in spring controlled Canada thistle stands in spring wheat by severely decreasing root biomass and the numbers of adventitious root buds to a depth of 50 cm over four years. These treatments included dicamba applied at 1.7 or 2.2 kg ae ha–1for the first two successive falls followed in wheat by either chlorsulfuron at 30 g ai ha–1plus nonionic surfactant, MCPA plus bromoxynil at 280 plus 280 g ha–1, or 2,4-D amine at 560 g ha–1applied annually for each of four consecutive years from the start. Chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha–1applied alone in spring for each of four years also reduced and prevented Canada thistle root growth as effectively as a sequence of fall-applied dicamba followed by spring-applied chlorsulfuron in spring wheat.

Comparison of time and depth of last tillage on the growth of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in summerfallow and its response to glyphosate

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Darwent ◽  
L. Townley-Smith ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Consistent Effect

Field studies were conducted in summerfallow in 1990 and 1991 at Bezanson, Alberta (lat. 55°14′N, long. 118°22′W), and Melfort, Saskatchewan (lat. 52°52′N, long. 104°36′W), to compare the development of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] shoots following the discontinuance of normal tillage at three times (19 July, 30–31 July and 9–12 Aug.), at three depths (0, 10 and 20 cm), and its response to glyphosate applied at 0.9 kg ha−1 40 d after the last tillage (DALT). The tillage treatments had no consistent effect on shoot density when measured at 40 DALT at either location. At Bezanson, small increases (< 5%) in shoot density occurred between 20 and 40 DALT where tillage was conducted at the shallowest depth, but increases of approximately 20–90% occurred during the same period following tillage at the 10 or 20-cm depth. The proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT increased as the time of discontinuing tillage was delayed. At Bezanson, the proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT increased from 0.17 ± 0.05 to 0.59 ± 0.02 when the time of discontinuing tillage was delayed from mid-July to early August, while at Melfort an increase from 0.47 ± 0.04 to 0.93 ± 0.02 occurred for a similar delay in time of discontinuing tillage. Increasing the depth of last tillage increased the proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT at Bezanson, but at Melfort the depth of last tillage had no effect on this proportion. The proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes declined between 20 and 40 DALT when measured at Bezanson. Factors causing an increase in the proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes appeared to be associated with exposure of emerged shoots to reduced daylengths. At both Bezanson and Melfort, shoot density measured 1 yr after tillage–glyphosate treatments was similar in all plots. Thus, the proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes at the time of glyphosate application did not appear to influence the response of Canada thistle to the herbicide. Key words: Integrated weed control, daylength, rosette, perennial-weed control

Absorption, Translocation, and Foliar Activity of Clopyralid and Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm D. Devine ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Root Buds

Both14C-clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzensulfonamide} were readily absorbed by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] leaves, with 99 and 75%, respectively, of the applied doses absorbed 144 h after application. Absorbed14C-clopyralid was rapidly exported from the treated leaves, whereas14C-chlorsulfuron was translocated much more slowly. After 144 h, 29% of the applied14C-clopyralid and 5% of the applied14C-chlorsulfuron were recovered in the roots and developing root buds of Canada thistle plants. Smaller amounts of the two herbicides were absorbed and translocated in perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL. ♯ SONAR) than in Canada thistle. More14C-clopyralid than14C-chlorsulfuron was absorbed and translocated out of treated leaves of perennial sowthistle, but equal amounts, 3 to 4% of the applied doses, were recovered in the roots and root buds 144 h after application. Foliar applications of clopyralid, followed by removal of the treated shoot 24, 72, or 144 h after application, markedly reduced shoot regrowth in both Canada thistle and perennial sowthistle. Similar treatment with chlorsulfuron did not prevent shoot regrowth in either species.

Chlorsulfuron Effects on Shoot Growth and Root Buds of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Secondary Shoot ◽  
Root Buds

The effect of 67 g ai/ha chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] root bud growth was examined in a series of greenhouse trials in which potted plants were treated with foliar sprays. Injury to root buds was assayed by determining their ability to form secondary shoots. Added surfactant, 0.2% (v/v) oxysorbic [oxysorbic (20 POE) polyethylene sorbitan monooleate], did not enhance chlorsulfuron-induced inhibition of parent shoot growth, but it increased root bud injury from foliarly applied chlorsulfuron. Cuttings taken from controls formed more secondary shoots than did chlorsulfuron-treated plants 2 weeks following spraying. However, root fresh weight and final secondary shoot growth from cut roots were unchanged 3 weeks after chlorsulfuron treatment compared to the time of spraying. Foliar treatment or a combination of foliar and soil treatment inhibited root fresh weight accumulation and secondary shoot growth equally 1 month following treatment relative to harvest controls. Soil treatment alone did not reduce either root fresh weight gains or secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds. Foliar treatment of vegetative Canada thistle with chlorsulfuron inhibited subsequent secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds more than did treatment at flowering.

Effects of Photoperiod and Temperature on Root Bud Development and Assimilate Translocation in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Phloem Translocation ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Root Buds

Adventitious root bud development and assimilate translocation were studied in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] grown in nutrient solution in controlled environments using combinations of two photoperiods (PP) (13 and 15 h), three day/night shoot temperatures (ST) (15/5, 25/15, and 30/22 C), and three root temperatures (RT) (10, 20, and 30 C). Total root bud elongation increased with RT and length of PP and was greatest (65 cm/plant) at 25/15 C ST, 15-h PP, and 30 C RT. The number of root buds produced was greatest at 20 C RT (7.3 to 10.3 buds/plant), whereas variations in PP and ST had little effect. Total dry-matter production was greatest (7.2 g/plant) at 15-h PP, 30/22 C ST, and 20 C RT. To study phloem translocation, photoassimilates were labeled in Canada thistle plants by exposing mature leaves to14CO2. Net assimilate translocation from a source leaf following 24-h temperature acclimation was affected little by RT and ST, but was greater under the 13-h PP than under the 15-h PP. After 7 days of temperature preconditioning, net translocation of14C-assimilates increased with both RT and ST, but no effects due to PP were noted. With 24-h temperature acclimation, net assimilate accumulation in roots was enhanced by 13-h PP and low ST (15/5 C), whereas RT itself had no effect. In temperature-preconditioned plants, 10 C RT enhanced assimilate accumulation in roots, but ST and PP had no effect.

Seasonal Variations in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root Bud Growth and Root Carbohydrate Reserves

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Light ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] root samples were collected at monthly intervals over a 2-yr period from two locations to determine seasonal fluctuations in the presence and growth potential of root buds. Root bud growth was highest during late fall and winter months following death of the aerial shoots. Root fragments incubated at a constant 15 C for 2 weeks in continuous light consistently had more buds than nonincubated roots, which indicated active bud differentiation during the incubation period. Incubated roots produced 3 to 9 cm of new shoot length/cm root length. There were no obvious seasonal patterns in the presence of root buds or their ability to elongate at different times of the year. Carbohydrate reserves were stored preferentially in roots rather than in developing root buds or the bases of shoots. These reserves ranged from as low as 3% of root fresh weight during spring months to as high as 26% in late fall months, although the levels did not increase consistently during summer months over the locations and years of this study.

Yield Loss Assessment for Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Infested with Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald ◽  
Mohammad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Yield Loss Assessment

In eight of nine trials spanning 5 yr, relative yield of semidwarf hard red spring wheat (yield expressed as a percent of estimated weed-free yield) decreased linearly as Canada thistle shoot density increased when measured in late July to early August in the northern Great Plains. Differences between yield loss assessment (YLA) equations could not be distinguished statistically between no-tillage and chisel-plowed production systems. Multiple linear regression equations of relative wheat yield versus wheat density plus Canada thistle shoot density accounted for more variability in YLA equations than simple linear regression equations of wheat yield versus Canada thistle shoot density alone. Estimated weed-free wheat yield and negative slope (b) for yield loss assessment equations increased as cumulative growing-season (April to August) rainfall increased. Thus, relative wheat yield was decreased more by increasing Canada thistle density (slope b became more negative) in years of greater growing-season rainfall.

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