Rainfall Effects on Desmedipham and Phenmedipham Performance

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte D. Anderson ◽  
W. Eugene Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Reduced Toxicity

The effect of rainfall on the performance of a tank mixture of desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate(ester)] and phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) applied postemergence to redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensisL. ♯ SINAR) and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) was evaluated in field studies. The occurrence of 1 mm of rain immediately after herbicide application significantly decreased the control of redroot pigweed and wild mustard. A rainfall quantity of 1 mm also reduced injury symptoms on sunflower. Simulating a 12.7-mm rain less than 18 h after desmedipham and phenmedipham application effectively reduced toxicity to redroot pigweed and sunflower. Toxicity to these two species increased at a lesser rate than for wild mustard as the time interval prior to rain was increased. A rain-free period of 6 h was predicted for near-maximum control of wild mustard with these herbicides.

Influence of Rainfall on the Phytotoxicity of Foliarly Applied 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Behrens ◽  
M. A. Elakkad
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Response Level ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Brassica Kaber

To study rainfall effects, simulated rainfall was applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L. C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L. C. Wheeler], soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hodgson’], and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) in greenhouse and field studies following foliar applications of the alkanolamine (AKA) salt or the butoxyethanol (BE) ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at rates that induced equivalent levels of phytotoxicity. Simulated rainfall less than 1 min after herbicide treatment reduced the phytotoxicity of the AKA salt of 2,4-D to a much greater extent than that of the BE ester with effects ranging from elimination of all injury from the AKA salt to soybeans to no reduction in phytotoxicity of the BE ester to common lambsquarters. The quantity of simulated rainfall required to induce maximum reductions in phytotoxicity of the BE ester ranged from 1 mm on common lambsquarters to 15 mm on velvetleaf. The time interval from 2,4-D treatment until rainfall required to achieve a phytotoxic response level of 80% of that attained without rainfall varied greatly among plant species and herbicide formulations; ranging from less than 1 min for the BE ester on common lambsquarters to more than 24 h for the AKA salt on velvetleaf. The addition of an alkylarylpolyoxyethylene glycol surfactant to 2,4-D spray solutions reduced herbicide rates required to induce equivalent levels of phytotoxicity, increased losses in phytotoxicity of the BE ester caused by rainfall, and reduced the time interval from treatment to rainfall required to attain an equivalent level of phytotoxicity with the AKA salt.

Basis for Selectivity of Phenmedipham and Desmedipham on Wild Mustard, Redroot Pigweed, and Sugar Beet

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Hendrick ◽  
William F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Brassica Kaber ◽  
Site Of Absorption

The basis for selectivity of phenmedipham (methyl-m-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) and desmedipham (ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate) on wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler ‘pinnatifida’ (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) was studied by evaluating spray retention, absorption, translocation, and metabolism. Total photosynthesis in wild mustard was severely inhibited in less than 5 hr after foliar application of either herbicide and did not recover. Total photosynthesis in sugar beet was slightly inhibited but recovered after 24 hr. Photosynthesis in redroot pigweed recovered from a treatment of phenmedipham but did not recover when treated with desmedipham. Differences in spray retention or foliar absorption did not explain selectivity. Within 5 hr after herbicide application, redroot pigweed had translocated more desmedipham than phenmedipham from the site of absorption and had metabolized a large amount of the phenmedipham but little desmedipham. The key factor explaining selectivity appeared to be at the initial detoxication reaction of the parent compound.

Weed Control in Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) with Desmedipham and Phenmedipham

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte D. Anderson ◽  
W. Eugene Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Height Reduction ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Leaf Necrosis

Desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate(ester)] controlled wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensisL. ♯3SINAR) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) more effectively than phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate). A synergistic interaction occurred with all tank-mix combinations of the two herbicides for wild mustard control, except combinations containing 0.71 kg ai/ha of desmedipham. The magnitude of the synergism decreased as the rate of desmedipham was increased and increased as the rate of phenmedipham increased. Both herbicides caused injury symptoms of leaf necrosis and height reduction to sunflowers (Helianthus annuusL.). Crop injury and sunflower heights were affected more by desmedipham than by phenmedipham. Injury effects were temporary and had no influence on sunflower yields.

Environment and Bromoxynil Phytotoxicity

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Grzegorz Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Simulated Rain

Experiments in controlled-environment chambers indicated that high temperature, 30 C, increased the phytotoxicity of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) to wild mustard (Sinapis arvensisL. # SINAR) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE) compared to low temperature, 10 C, during and after treatment. Bromoxynil phytotoxicity generally was higher at relative humidities of 90 to 95% compared to 40 to 60%, but relative humidity had less influence on bromoxynil phytotoxicity than did temperature. A simulated rain immediately after bromoxynil treatment reduced control of both species, but the reduction was of no practical importance for wild mustard. The data indicate that wild mustard and redroot pigweed control would be reduced by bromoxynil application during a period of low temperatures or to plants in advanced growth stages.

scholarly journals Early Season Broadleaf Weed Control in Onion

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 971D-972
Author(s):  
Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti ◽  
Carrie E. Schumacher ◽  
Collin P. Auwarter ◽  
Paul E. Hendrickson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Residual Control

Field studies were conducted at Absaraka, Carrington, and Oakes, N.D., in 2005 to evaluate early season broadleaf weed control and onion (Allium cepa L.) injury with herbicides applied preemergence to the crop. DCPA is a common preemergence herbicide used in onion. However, DCPA can be uneconomical in most high-weed situations, or the usage may be restricted due to possible groundwater contamination. Potential substitutes evaluated were bromoxynil, dimethenamid-P, and pendimethalin. Main broadleaf weeds were redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). In general, all herbicides, except bromoxynil, provided acceptable broadleaf weed control 4 weeks after treatment. The highest herbicide rate provided greater weed control compared with the lowest rate for each herbicide. However, onion height was also reduced with the highest herbicide rate. In addition, the two highest rates of dimethenamid-P reduced the onion stand compared with the untreated. A postemergence application of bromoxynil + oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin to onion at the four- to five-leaf stage controlled the few broadleaf weeds that escaped the preemergence treatments and provided residual control of mid- and late-season germinating broadleaf weeds at two of the three locations. Intense germination of redroot pigweed during July at the Oakes location reduced onion yield with all treatments compared with the hand-weeded check. In contrast, total onion yields with all herbicide treatments except the high rate of dimethenamid-P were similar to the hand-weeded check at Absaraka and Carrington.

Chlorsulfuron for Weed Control in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide} was nontoxic to safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.) when applied postemergence in 1983 and 1984 at 0.018 and 0.035 kg ai/ha. Trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] at 1.1 and 1.7 kg ai/ha and pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] at 0.8 and 1.1 kg ai/ha were applied previously as preplant soil-incorporated treatments. In both years, safflower was relatively free of weeds where trifluralin was applied alone or in sequential treatments with chlorsulfuron. Pronamide, with or without chlorsulfuron, failed to completely control witchgrass (Panicum capillareL. ♯ PANCA) in 1 yr; thus safflower grain yields were reduced 21 to 35% when compared to weed-free safflower. Chlorsulfuron controlled redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestrisL. ♯ TRBTE), and common sunflower (Helianthus annuusL. ♯ HELAN).

Effect of Incorporation Methods and Time of Application on the Performance of Trifluralin Plus Metribuzin

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Barrentine ◽  
O. B. Wooten ◽  
J. R. Williford
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Herbicide Mixture

Disk harrowing, spring tooth harrowing, and bed conditioning, alone or followed by bedding the rows, were evaluated in field studies to determine their efficacy to soil incorporate trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) plus metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5 (4H)-one] in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Effects of the time interval between herbicide application and soybean planting were also evaluated. Effective weed control and adequate crop selectivity were obtained from all incorporation methods except those followed by bedding. Bedding occasionally reduced weed control and soybean stands as compared to incorporation without bedding. Excessive crop injury resulted from the application of a band of the herbicide mixture as a subsurface layer. The herbicide mixture was applied up to 6 weeks before soybean planting without adversely affecting crop or weed selectivity when incorporated with the spring tooth harrow without bedding.

Annual Canarygrass (Phalaris canariensis) Tolerance and Weed Control Following Herbicide Application

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal W. Holt ◽  
Jim H. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Crop Stand ◽  
Phalaris Canariensis

Field studies were conducted in Saskatchewan to evaluate the effect of herbicides on annual canarygrass (Phalaris canariensisL.) and associated weeds. Bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) at 0.35 kg ai/ha, tank mixes of bromoxynil at 0.28 kg/ha plus the ester of MCPA [(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid] at 0.28 kg ae/ha, linuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea] at 0.28 kg ai/ha plus MCPA amine at 0.56 kg/ha, or propanil [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyI)propanamide] at 1.0 kg ai/ha plus MCPA ester at 0.28 kg/ha resulted in annual canarygrass seed and dry matter yields equal to the unsprayed check and excellent wild mustard (Sinapis arvensisL. # SINAR) and cow cockle (Vaccaria pyramidataMedik. # VAAPY) control. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] at 0.21 kg ai/ha plus MCPA amine at 0.56 kg/ha reduced the crop stand in 1 out of 5 yr and seed yield every year. Postemergence application of difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-dipheny1-1H-pyrazolium) at 0.84 kg ai/ha or flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine] at 0.53 kg ai/ha, or preplant-incorporated triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloro-2-propenyl)bis(1-methylethyl)carbamothioate] at 1.40 kg ai/ha optimized wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) control with seed yields. Diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propanoic acid} at 0.70 kg ai/ha severely damaged annual canarygrass in all years. Triallate applied at 1.40 kg/ha preplant or preemergence incorporated marginally reduced the crop stand and seed yield compared to the untreated controls in tolerance tests.

Effect of Additives upon Phenmedipham for Weed Control in Sugarbeets

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Miller ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Weed control and sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) injury from applications of methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methyl-carbanilate (phenmedipham) were influenced by additives, volume of additive, and species in both field and greenhouse experiments. Oils were more effective than the surfactant as additives to phenmedipham on green foxtail (Setaria virdis(L.) Beauv.), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). Herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia (Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.) or wild mustard (Brassica kaber(D.C.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler) was not enhanced by any additive. Linseed oil (2.34 L/ha) enhanced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and redroot pigweed more than petroleum (2.34 L/ha) or sunflower (Helianthus annusL.) oil (2.34 or 9.35 L/ha). However, linseed oil reduced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia.

Control of Three Weed Species in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) with an Electrical Discharge System

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilson ◽  
F. N. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Discharge System ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

An electrical discharge system (EDS) was evaluated in field studies conducted in 1977 through 1979 in western Nebraska for its ability to control weed escapes in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy D2′). Nine weeks after sugarbeets were planted, kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] had attained a height above sugarbeets sufficient for EDS treatment. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) generally attained sufficient height above sugarbeets 11 and 13 weeks after sugarbeet planting. Sugarbeet root yields were reduced 40, 20, and 10% from competition by kochia, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed, respectively. Treatment of kochia, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters with EDS in some cases resulted in a reduction in weed height. The EDS treatments reduced the stand of all weeds 32, 39, and 47% for 1977, 1978, and 1979, respectively. Although the EDS treatments failed to kill many weeds, it did suppress the competitive ability of the three weeds to the extent that sugarbeet yields were higher in areas receiving EDS treatments than areas receiving no EDS treatment.

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