Platinum-Decorated TiO2: One Step Fast Monometallic Impregnation and Plasma Effect on Nanoparticles

In the present work, N-TiO2−x/Pt was synthesized using a homemade nitrogen plasma (AC) discharge system. The overall procedure use of low-power nitrogen plasma (100 watts) with 1 and 2 h of plasma discharge to successfully impregnate platinum nanoparticles on P25 titanium dioxide. The obtained samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results reveal the incorporation of metallic Pt up to 2.9% on the surface of TiO2 by increasing the duration of plasma discharge by up to two hours with a constant power of 100 watts. Likewise, the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into a lattice crystal was also favored, confirming a direct relationship between the amount of Pt and nitrogen atoms introduced in TiO2 as a function of the duration of plasma treatment. By characterizing nanoparticles loaded on a N-TiO2−x/Pt surface, we show that joined platinum nanoparticles have two different patterns, and the boundary between these two regions coalesces. The results demonstrate that the use of nitrogen plasma to impregnate platinum nanoparticles on the surface of TiO2 to obtain N-TiO2−x/Pt allows wide and relevant physics and chemistry applications.

Hybrid Power System for the Range Extension of Security Robots: Prototyping Phase

This paper describes our best practices related to hybrid power system (HPS) development with a focus on the prototyping phase. Based on the main development goals of our security robot, 24 h continuous operation on a single charge as a top priority, the HPS specifications were developed in the previous phase. For long-duration missions, batteries are hybridized with hydrogen fuel cells. By hybridization, the practical issues of fuel cells can be addressed such as lack of durability and low power density. With the developed specifications of the HPS, its components were acquired and installed to build a prototype. Using an electronic load coupled with a charge-discharge system controller, the constructed prototype was tested, discovering the maximum output power (850 W) that the fuel cell can sustain for 24 h. To further increase the energy density of the HPS, its structure was converted to a plug-in hybrid. With the developed HPS simulator, the converted HPS was simulated, predicting an extended hours of operation (2.07 h) based on the larger battery (7S12P) over the widest SOC window (90%). The plug-in HPS prototype was integrated into the security robot. On a dedicated chassis dynamometer, the integrated prototype was tested, demonstrating its capability to continuously operate the security robot for 24 h.

Influence of Temperature in Degradation of Organic Pollution Using Corona Discharge Plasma

Dye solution temperature influences the elimination efficiency of water-soluble and anionic acid dye. Acid Blue 25 dye, using a gas–liquid electrical discharge system, was successfully investigated. The results showed an increase in the percentage of dye decolorization from 91.16% to 96.12% when the dye solution temperature was increased from 278 K to 308 K. However, the initial dye decolorization percentage was decreased with the further increase in dye solution temperature from 318 K to 358 K. The 2D simulation model was introduced to consider the influence of temperature and the electric field generated by corona discharge plasma in air and water. Results also showed a great match between the experimental and the simulation results. The reaction rates of dye degradation were analyzed using the Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, pseudo-zero-, pseudo-first-, and pseudo-second-order models were used to determine the reaction kinetics. The best fit for the experimental data would follow the pseudo-first-order model. Finally, electrical energy per order, energy yield, and experimental degradation data were calculated to investigate the cost analysis.

Influence of electron emission on operation of a constricted arc discharge in a pulsed forevacuum plasma-cathode electron source

The research of influence of electron emission and processes associated with the formation of a pulsed large-radius electron beam on operation of a constricted arc discharge, which forms emission plasma in a forevacuum plasma-cathode electron source, is presented. Processes, occurring in case of generation of the electron beam at forevacuum pressure range 3–20 Pa, provide lower operating voltage of the constricted arc discharge. The constricted arc voltage decreases with increasing pressure and increasing accelerating voltage. However, at pressure more than 15 Pa, the arc voltage decreases until a certain minimum value is reached, and then arc voltage is almost independent on pressure and accelerating voltage. This minimum value of the constricted arc voltage is on average 1.5–2 times higher as compared with voltage of the cathodic arc at the same discharge current. The observed decrease of operating voltage of the constricted arc is most likely caused by accelerated back-streaming ions, which move toward the emission electrode from beam-produced plasma. These accelerated ions partially penetrate into the hollow anode of discharge system through the mesh emission electrode and facilitate formation of the arc plasma, and thus provides lower voltage of the constricted arc.

Features of glow discharge ignition through a small hole in the hollow cathode of a large volume

The influence of the size of a cathode gap on the initiation of the effect of a hollow cathode in a glow discharge system with an extended hollow cathode in the forevacuum pressure range is shown. It was found that the threshold current for the transition of the discharge to the burning mode with a hollow cathode is determined by the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the cathode slit. With a decrease in the width of the slot, the threshold current increases disproportionately; at the same time, with an increase in the length of the slot, this current sharply decreases.

Comparison and Evaluation of Domestic and Foreign Radiation Environmental Standards for Nuclear Power Plants

With the development of the nuclear energy industry and the increasing demand for environmental protection, the impact of nuclear power plant radiation on the environment has gradually entered the public view. This article combs the nuclear power plant radiation environmental management systems of several countries, takes the domestic and foreign management of radioactive effluent discharge from nuclear power plants as a starting point, analyses and compares the laws and standards related to radioactive effluents from nuclear power plants in France, the United States, China, and South Korea. In this paper, the management improvement of radioactive effluent discharge system of Chinese nuclear power plants has been discussed.

Charge and elemental composition of plasma generated by sputtering of powder target from amorphous boron

One of the effective and widespread methods of surface hardening of metal products is an ion-plasma saturation of the surface of machine parts and mechanisms with various elements (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon). Less investigated method is the process of ion-plasma saturation of the metals and alloys surface with boron. The purpose of the present work is to develop a method for the formation and study of parameters (electron temperature, plasma potential and concentration), elemental and charge composition of plasma generated at sputtering of a target from amorphous boron powder. To achieve the stated goal, a discharge system with a hot anode made of powder boron, as well as a pulse arc evaporator with a hot cathode made of sintered boron powder, was developed, designed, created and tested. Charge and elemental composition of boron-containing plasma generated during powder target sputtering from amorphous boron are defined by optical spectrometry method. It is shown that the generated plasma contains mainly neutral atoms and single-charge boron ions, as well as iron, silicon, copper and argon particles.

Deposition of boron films using a discharge system with a hot boron anode

This work describes a discharge system for heating and evaporation of a boron powder target based on a non-self-sustained arc discharge with a filament, a hollow cathode and a hot combined anode. The measurements of the current-voltage characteristics of the discharge with a hot anode and the dependence of the anode temperature on the discharge parameters are presented. The modes of deposition of boron films have been determined.

Flow visualization around cylinder under surface discharge action in the still atmosphere

The paper presents the universal gas-discharge system for surface discharge generation on a cylinder body providing PIV experiments and shadow studies. The system enables the flow visualization around cylinder, discharge power consumption measurements and of temperature fields on the cylindrical surface recording. Under surface discharge action on cylindrical surface in the quiescent air, the flow accompanied by the formation of a near-wall vortex structure and a set of the radially-oriented jets is visualized. The observed jets leave the thermal boundary layer and are able to influence to the gas areas located far away. The presented results indicate the effectiveness of the surface discharges use to control gas-dynamic, thermo-physical and mass transfer processes in the vicinity of streamlined bodies such as cylinders.

Spatial distribution and time evolution of metal-containing plasma of a low-current atmospheric pressure discharge with magnesium cathode

The spatial intensity distribution and temporal dynamics of the plasma generated by an atmospheric pressure discharge with magnesium cathode in an argon flow are investigated in a coaxial geometry discharge system. The repetition rate of unipolar pulses was 56 kHz and the pulse duration was 12 μs. The steady-state amplitude of the discharge current was 100 mA at a voltage of about 130 V. Under this operating mode, a local melting of the active cathode surface took place. The evaporated magnesium atoms were captured by the working gas flow and formed a green glow plume around the positive discharge column outside the anode nozzle. The image of the plasma formation was projected onto the entrance slit of the monochromator. The spatial distribution of the radiation intensity and evolution in time of its selected monochromatic components were measured. The radiation spectrum contained groups of ion and magnesium atom lines with wavelengths of 285.21 nm (singlet resonant Mg I); 383.08, 383.36, 383.9 nm (triplet Mg I); 517.3, 517.5, 518.1 nm (triplet Mg I). The results of this work are promising with regard to studying open-type spontaneous radiation sources, as well as the generation of combined gas-metal plasma flows at atmospheric pressure.