scholarly journals Educational Inequalities in Labor Market Exit of Older Workers in 15 European Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
JANA MÄCKEN ◽  
PATRICK PRÄG ◽  
MORITZ HESS ◽  
LEA ELLWARDT
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Market Exit ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Almost All

Abstract This article examines country differences in the association between education and voluntary or involuntary labor market exit and whether these country differences map onto institutional characteristics of the countries. Work exit is defined as involuntary or voluntary based on the reasons of exit. Four different types of institutional factors, push and pull, aiming for an earlier work exit and need and maintain factors to retain older workers in employment are considered. Using data from 15 European countries from the longitudinal Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), discrete-time event history models with a categorical outcome are estimated for each country separately. In a second step, we add macro-level indicators and conduct meta-analyses to analyze country differences. Results show that in almost all countries a social gradient in involuntary work exit exists but not in voluntary exit. Lower-educated workers are more likely to involuntarily exit the labor market. Institutional factors, especially those supporting older workers’ retention in employment, are associated with a smaller social gradient in work exit. Our findings suggest that investments in active labor market expenditures, especially in lifelong learning and rehabilitation for lower educated workers, may help to reduce the social gradient in involuntary work exit.

scholarly journals Educational Inequalities in Labor Market Exit of Older Workers in 15 European Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Mäcken ◽  
Patrick Präg ◽  
Moritz Hess ◽  
Lea Ellwardt
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Market Exit ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Almost All

This article examines country differences in the association between education and voluntary or involuntary labor market exit and whether these country differences map onto institutional characteristics of the countries. Work exit is defined as involuntary based on the reasons of exit. Four different types of institutional factors, push and pull, aiming for an earlier work exit and need and maintain factors to retain older workers in employment are considered. Using data from 15 European countries from the longitudinal Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), discrete- time event history models with a categorical outcome are estimated for each country separately. In a second step, we add macro-level indicators and conduct meta-analyses to analyze country differences. Results show that in almost all countries a social gradient in involuntary work exit exists but not in voluntary exit. Lower-educated workers are more likely to involuntarily exit the labor market. Institutional factors, especially those supporting older workers’ retention in employment, are associated with a smaller social gradient in work exit. Our findings suggest that investments in active labor market expenditures, especially in lifelong learning and rehabilitation for lower educated workers, may help to reduce the social gradient in involuntary work exit.

scholarly journals Standardization of measles, mumps and rubella assays to enable comparisons of seroprevalence data across 21 European countries and Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 787-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. TISCHER ◽  
N. ANDREWS ◽  
G. KAFATOS ◽  
A. NARDONE ◽  
G. BERBERS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
Serological Surveillance ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Almost All

SUMMARYThe aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network is to establish comparability of the serological surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe. The designated reference laboratory (RL) for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) prepared and tested a panel of 151 sera by the reference enzyme immunoassay (rEIA). Laboratories in 21 countries tested the panel for antibodies against MMR using their usual assay (a total of 16 different EIAs) and the results were plotted against the reference results in order to obtain equations for the standardization of national serum surveys. The RL also tested the panel by the plaque neutralization test (PNT). Large differences in qualitative results were found compared to the RL. Well-fitting standardization equations withR2⩾0·8 were obtained for almost all laboratories through regression of the quantitative results against those of the RL. When compared to PNT, the rEIA had a sensitivity of 95·3%, 92·8% and 100% and a specificity of 100%, 87·1% and 92·8% for measles, mumps and rubella, respectively. The need for standardization was highlighted by substantial inter-country differences. Standardization was successful and the selected standardization equations allowed the conversion of local serological results into common units and enabled direct comparison of seroprevalence data of the participating countries.

Wages and Welfare

Putinomics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Miller
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Wage Growth ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All

As Russia’s firms got more productive, living standards shot up. For one thing, companies started offering far more variety. The consumer paradise that advocates of a market economy had promised long-suffering Russians finally arrived. At the same time, higher productivity meant higher wages. Real wages increased every year of Putin’s presidency until 2014, averaging 15% per year from 2000 to 2008. At the same time, higher tax collection let the government boost pension payouts, helping older Russians, almost all of whom relied on state pensions as their primary source of retirement income. Yet higher pensions did not augur the return of an extensive welfare state, as the government eliminated many benefits. At the same time, the government kept labor protections weak, and Russia’s labor market continues to be far more flexible than many other European countries. Encouraged by his liberal economic advisers, Putin has implemented economically orthodox welfare and labor market policies, earning solid marks from the IMF. The tremendous wage growth of the 2000s, however, meant that most Russians were happy to ignore weak social protections in exchange for an ever-expanding paycheck.

scholarly journals Treatment adequacy for anxiety and depressive disorders in six European countries

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fernández ◽  
J. M. Haro ◽  
M. Martinez-Alonso ◽  
K. Demyttenaere ◽  
T. S. Brugha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
General Medical Care ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Treatment Adequacy

SummaryThe aims of this study areto describe the adequacy of treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in Europe and how it differs between providers, using data from the ESEMeD study The overall proportion of adequate treatment was 45.8% (57.4% in the specialised sector and 23.3% in the general medical care sector). Between-country differences were found in treatment adequacy in the specialised setting. Organisational and political aspects may explain these findings.

Social inclusion affects elderly suicide mortality

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1337-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriy Yur`yev ◽  
Lauri Leppik ◽  
Liina-Mai Tooding ◽  
Merike Sisask ◽  
Peeter Värnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Market Exit ◽  
Economic Contribution ◽  
Western European ◽  
Elderly Suicide

ABSTRACTBackground: National attitudes towards the elderly and their association with elderly suicide mortality in 26 European countries were assessed, and Eastern and Western European countries compared.Methods: For each country, mean age-adjusted, gender-specific elderly suicide rates in the last five years for which data had been available were obtained from the WHO European Mortality Database. Questions about citizens’ attitudes towards the elderly were taken from the European Social Survey. Correlations between attitudes and suicide rates were analyzed using Pearson's test. Differences between mean scores for Western and Eastern European attitudes were calculated, and data on labor-market exit ages were obtained from the EUROSTAT database.Results: Perception of the elderly as having higher status, recognition of their economic contribution and higher moral standards, and friendly feelings towards and admiration of them are inversely correlated with suicide mortality. Suicide rates are lower in countries where the elderly live with their families more often. Elderly suicide mortality and labor-market exit age are inversely correlated. In Eastern European countries, elderly people's status and economic contribution are seen as less important. Western Europeans regard the elderly with more admiration, consider them more friendly and more often have elderly relatives in the family. The data also show gender differences.Conclusions: Society's attitudes influence elderly suicide mortality; attitudes towards the elderly are more favorable among Western European citizens; and extended labor-market inclusion of the elderly is a suicide-protective factor.

scholarly journals Labor market exit around retirement age in Sweden and trajectories of psychotropic drugs in a context of downsizing

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Blomqvist ◽  
Hugo Westerlund ◽  
Kristina Alexanderson ◽  
Linda L. Magnusson Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Market Exit ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background A maintained psychological wellbeing is important in order to continue working longer and remain active into older age. However, little is known about impact of different organizational factors, such as downsizing, on the mental health of older workers exiting the labor market. The aim in this study was to investigate trajectories of purchases of psychotropic drugs in relation to labor market exit later in life in a context with and without downsizing. Method People living in Sweden, born 1941–1951, exiting paid work via unemployment, sickness absence/disability pension, or old-age pension were followed from 2005 to 2013 regarding purchases of psychotropic drugs. Individuals employed at a workplace closing down or downsizing with ≥18% between two subsequent years were compared to employees exiting from workplaces without downsizing or workplace closure. Generalized estimating equations was applied to derive trajectories of annual prevalence of purchased antidepressants, sedatives and anxiolytics from 4 years before to 4 years after a labour market exit. Results During the period around the exit, old-age retirees experiencing a downsizing/workplace closure did not decrease their purchases of sedatives (OR 1.01 95% CI 0.95–1.07) while the unexposed decreased their purchases during this period (OR 0.95 95% CI 0.92–0.98). Similar differences concerning sedatives and antidepressants between exposed and unexposed were seen for those exiting via sickness absence or disability pension. Furthermore, a significant difference in purchases of anxiolytics was observed between those exposed to downsizing (OR 1.10 95% CI 0.97–1.24) and the unexposed (OR 0.98 95% CI 0.91–1.06) exiting via old-age retirement during the time before the exit. Conclusion Downsizing or workplace closure, although weakly, was associated with higher prevalence of psychotropic drugs certain years around the labor market exit. The results support the idea that involuntary labor market exit in mature adulthood may negatively affect the development of mental health.

scholarly journals Cross-national analysis of the older workers’ employment rate

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Oleh Kratt ◽  
Inna Kirnos
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Working Life ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Productive Ageing ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
National Labor Market

The share of older people in population structure is constantly rising in developed countries. This leads to a decrease of working age population. Labor market situation of Eastern European countries is aggravated by labor force migration. An effective response to challenges of ageing is productive ageing policy aimed at attracting older workers to labor market. The countries with remarkable success in older workers’ employment are defined in the article. Research method – analysis of extreme values repeatability (5 leading countries and 5 outsider ones) of the statistical sample. An object of the study – is replenishment of human resources at the national labor market. Subject of the study is involving older workers to national labor market. There are three stages of the study. The first stage is ranking the countries according to the older workers’ capability to implement their professional qualities at the labor market on a global scale. Capability domain of Global Age Watch Index is chosen as a criterion for ranking. Relative stability (the composition of countries) and relative volatility (annual change of country indicators’ value) are the features of the leaders’ group. The main feature of the outsider’s group is absence of the state policy towards older workers’ employment. The second stage of the study is ranking OECD countries by older workers’ employment rate. PWC Golden Age Index. Is chosen as a criterion of ranking The values of the criterion is a result of the common policy in the framework of intergovernmental agreements. The proof is positive dynamics of the criterion in both groups. The third stage of study is ranking European countries by duration of the working life. State policy of productive ageing is directed towards prolongation of working life. So, direction of seniority duration characterizes policy effectiveness. Extreme values of seniority demonstrate mutual loyalty of the employers and employees. The decrease in the highest values of seniority and the suspension of their pace of dynamics suggests the existence of an upper limit of seniority. The growth rate of low values of seniority is increasing, which proves the mobility of the bottom line.

scholarly journals Unemployment Impact of Product and Labor Market Regulation: Evidence from European Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Piton ◽  
François Rycx
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Large Set ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper provides robust estimates of the impact of both product and labor market regulations on unemployment using data from 24 European countries over the period 1998–2013. Controlling for country fixed effects, endogeneity, and a large set of covariates, results show that product market deregulation overall reduces the unemployment rate. This finding is robust across all specifications and in line with theoretical predictions. However, not all types of reforms have the same effect: deregulation of state controls and in particular involvement in business operations tend to push up the unemployment rate. Labor market deregulation, proxied by the employment protection legislation index, is detrimental to unemployment in the short run, while a positive impact (i.e., a reduction in the unemployment rate) occurs only in the long run. Analysis by sub-indicators shows that reducing protection against collective dismissals helps in reducing the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate equation is also estimated for different categories of workers. Although men and women are equally affected by product and labor market deregulations, workers distinguished by age and educational attainment are affected differently. In terms of employment protection, young workers are almost twice as strongly affected as older workers. Regarding product market deregulation, highly educated individuals are less impacted than low- and middle-educated workers.

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