Rome and the Tzani in late antiquity: a historical and archaeological review

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Emanuele E. Intagliata
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Written Sources

AbstractCompared to other stretches of the eastern frontier, northeastern Anatolia has rarely attracted the attention of scholars of the Roman and late antique periods. The region is known, through late antique written sources, to have housed a belligerent confederation of tribes, the Tzani, who lived off raids conducted against their neighbours. Until the fifth century AD, the Roman approach to the Tzanic problem was one of quiet co-existence, but, in the early sixth century AD, after war broke out again with Persia, necessity moved the emperor Justinian (r. AD 527–565) to intervene more actively against the Tzani. According to the sixth-century historian Procopius, the Tzani were subdued and a chain of forts was constructed in their lands to protect access to the Black Sea coast. The remains of these forts, as well as those of other sixth-century AD infrastructure allegedly built under Justinian, are still elusive. Nonetheless, evidence on the ground and in the written sources can still help investigate the nature of the Justinianic frontier defensive system.

scholarly journals Decapitation and Dynamite: The Mutilated Mountainside Monument of Gaius Julius Aquila on the Coast of Bithynia et Pontus

CLARA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Silvia
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Public Art ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Phase ◽  
Sea Coast

The Roman monument locally known as Kuşkayası Yol Anıtı (literally bird rock road monument) in Turkish is an arresting site carved in relief on a mountainside. Its decapitated figures have hewn limbs, and dynamite has blasted out large chunks of the monument. Though scholars have tangentially touched upon Kuşkayası, there is little analysis of its visual symbolism and the mutilated human figure’s identity and destruction have been mysteries. This paper will analyse the monument and explicate its noteworthy blend of Roman Imperial and local iconography, a syncretistic design which participates in the Romanization of Bithynia et Pontus and legitimizes the monument’s builder Gaius Julius Aquila. Next, this paper will argue that the mysterious beheaded figure likely represents Aquila rather than Emperor Claudius. Finally, this paper will forward that Kuşkayası was the victim of Christian mutilation in Late Antiquity during its initial phase of destruction, and treasure hunters in its most recent phase. Kuşkayası represents an innovative symbolic composition and speaks both to the syncretistic public art tradition and the history of the destruction of antiquities on the Black Sea coast.  

scholarly journals Lamps with “temple façade” decoration: witness to urban vitality in the northern and western Black Sea and the ties with Constantinople.

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-159
Author(s):  
Laurent Chrzanovski ◽  
Denis Zhuravlev ◽  
Florin Topoleanu
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Imperial Capital ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Variant ◽  
Sea Coast

The architectural motif in the form of an arch-on-columns, the titular “temple facade”, decorating the discus of late antique lamps, has been the subject of debate and various interpretations of the meaning without reference to the rendering or the lamp type. An examination of known examples of lamps with this particular motif has identified four different lamp type variants and two main renderings of the decoration. Ovoid lamps bearing a representation of an arch-on-columns, the most numerous among the finds, come mostly from Constantinople and nearby cities, the Black Sea coast and the Danubian sites, the sole exceptions being Egypt (where they appear also in a late variant), Cyprus and Byblos. Reconstructing the distribution of these types and renderings has introduced some “order” into the existing hypotheses and highlighted issues connected with understanding the booming economy of the Pontic area as well as the recently rebuilt Danubian limes fortresses, during their apex, in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. It has also contributed to the discussion aimed at ending the widespread use of the term “Balkan lamps” for products that represent the output of Pontic and Danubian workshops influenced by the Imperial capital in Constantinople.

MORPHOLOGY AND DYNAMICS OF THE LIMANIC BARRIERS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST UNDER ACTIVE ANTROPOGENOUS IMPACT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г. Выхованец ◽  
G. Vyhovanec
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Sea Sand ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Typical coastal elements of limans and lagoons are barriers, that separate limanic aquatories from a Seas. On limanic shores structure of the Black Sea sand barriers represented three longitudinal landscape “zones”: sea beach (“frontal”), dune-aeolian and limanic (“back of the barrier”). They closely interactive between themselves under influence of lithodynamical exchanges of sediment. General tendency of the barriers dynamics is displacement to Land direction.

A new cave-dwelling species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) from the West Caucasus

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
I.A. Belousov ◽  
A.G. Koval
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Sea Coast

A new species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928, C. maximovitchi sp. nov., is described from the Akhunskaya Cave and Labirintovaya Cave, both located in the Akhun Karst Massif on the Black Sea Coast of the West Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory, Russia). The new species is rather isolated within the genus Cimmerites and occupies an intermediate position between species related to C. kryzhanovskii Belousov, 1998 and species close to C. vagabundus Belousov, 1998. Though both C. maximovitchi sp. nov. and C. kryzhanovskii are still known only from caves, these species are quite similar in their life form to other members of the genus which are all true endogean species.

THE APPLICATION FEATURES AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL CAPACITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF TUAPSINSKY DISTRICT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Arakelov ◽  
Mikael Arakelov ◽  
Arthur Arakelov ◽  
Arthur Arakelov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Integrated Assessment ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Regional Management ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
Sea Coast

Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing branches of economy in the Russian Federation in general and on the Black Sea coast in particular, in this regard, the assessment of tourism potential is one of the most important tasks of regional management.

Wastewater management strategies for the black sea coast of Turkey

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
I. Ozturk ◽  
E. Yuksel ◽  
A. Tanik
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Solid Waste Landfills ◽  
Sea Coast

The Black Sea, surrounded by six riparian countries, is under the threat of severe pollution, giving rise to the need of taking precautions to protect it from further deterioration. In this paper, an effort putting forth a wastewater treatment and management strategy is outlined for the Black Sea coast of Turkey, including both the technical and financial aspects. The present situation of the coast in terms of land-based pollution and infrastructure is stated, followed by an applicable management strategy. The strategy developed for the coastal settlements involves various stagewise treatment schemes based on population distribution and densities along the coastline, and on the availability of land in a specified period of thirty years. Similar strategies are proposed for the control of pollution originating from industries, for those carried by rivers joining the sea, and for leachate of solid waste landfills. The cost estimations of various treatment schemes are also given in terms of population equivalents.

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