scholarly journals Decapitation and Dynamite: The Mutilated Mountainside Monument of Gaius Julius Aquila on the Coast of Bithynia et Pontus

CLARA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Silvia
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Public Art ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Phase ◽  
Sea Coast

The Roman monument locally known as Kuşkayası Yol Anıtı (literally bird rock road monument) in Turkish is an arresting site carved in relief on a mountainside. Its decapitated figures have hewn limbs, and dynamite has blasted out large chunks of the monument. Though scholars have tangentially touched upon Kuşkayası, there is little analysis of its visual symbolism and the mutilated human figure’s identity and destruction have been mysteries. This paper will analyse the monument and explicate its noteworthy blend of Roman Imperial and local iconography, a syncretistic design which participates in the Romanization of Bithynia et Pontus and legitimizes the monument’s builder Gaius Julius Aquila. Next, this paper will argue that the mysterious beheaded figure likely represents Aquila rather than Emperor Claudius. Finally, this paper will forward that Kuşkayası was the victim of Christian mutilation in Late Antiquity during its initial phase of destruction, and treasure hunters in its most recent phase. Kuşkayası represents an innovative symbolic composition and speaks both to the syncretistic public art tradition and the history of the destruction of antiquities on the Black Sea coast.  

scholarly journals A 5600-yr history of changing vegetation, sea levels and human impacts from the Black Sea coast of Georgia

The Holocene ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon E. Connor ◽  
Ian Thomas ◽  
Eliso V. Kvavadze
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sea Coast

scholarly journals Review of the Materials of the Baron F. F. Turnau’s Military Survey Expeditions on the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus in the 1830s

2020 ◽  
pp. 664-675
Author(s):  
Dmitry S. Tkachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Military History ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
General Staff ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Sea Coast

The article analyses the corpus of documents from the fonds of the Russian State Military History Archive, formed in the 1830s during the General Staff officer Feodor Turnau’s expeditions of to the Black Sea coast zone, which lay outside the Imperial control. Although his activities among the Circassian tribes can be termed one of the best Russian secret scouting missions and his memoirs published in 1864 are still considered an important source for studying the military and political history of the region, materials and reports of the survey missions have never been examined in modern Caucasus studies. The author compares the data included by Turnau in his secret reports to the Imperial authorities with what he mentioned in his memoirs. It shows which issues the Imperial authorities and the Caucasus Army command were interested in during the Russo-highlanders confrontation of the second half of the 1830s. The materials collected by F. F. Turnau can be useful not only in terms of clarifying certain aspects of his personal activities, but also in demonstrating the running of secret survey scouting in unexplored and dangerous ethnic territories off the Imperial frontier. They show high erudition and good training of the candidates selected from the ranks of the General Staff officers to run these scouting missions. The correspondence of the Caucasus Army commander with the central authorities in St. Petersburg on the issue of Turnau’s captivity shows differences in their understanding of the Russo-Caucasus relations. The author comes to the conclusion that the corpus of collected materials on topography, ethnography, political and cultural description of the Transkubanian region peoples could have formed a basis for a revision of the Imperial stand on the subjugation of tribal groups. Although this political alternative was missed, the materials collected by Turnau became a precious addition to the Caucasus studies source base.

Hieromonk Arseniy (Worldly Aleksandr Minin) — Founder of the New Athos Monastery Named After Simon the Canaanean

2021 ◽  
pp. 234-272
Author(s):  
Marina I. Shcherbakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Vigorous Activity ◽  
Publishing Activity ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sea Coast

The article presents an outline of the life of Hieromonk Arseniy (worldly Aleksandr Minin) — founder and first builder of the New Athos Monastery named after Simon the Canaanean. According to the preserved sources, his path is traced, which preceded the trip to Athos. Upon arrival at the Holy Mountain of Athos, Aleksandr Minin carried out various assignments of the elders in the monastery. The return to Russia was associated with a new taking of God’s orders by collecting donations for Panteleimon Russian Monastery on Athos. Vigorous activity about Arseny consisted in the arrangement of a permanent monastery courtyard in Moscow, a chapel, where the Athonite shrines brought by him were preserved. Fr. Arseny stood at the origins of the publishing activity of the Athos Saint Panteleimon Monastery, founded in 1878 in Moscow its periodical “The Soul-Saving Reflections” (“The Soul-Saving Interlocutor”). He himself wrote a lot, mainly spiritual and moral instructions, instructive letters. In the mid- 1870s Fr. Arseniy’s taking of God’s orders was supplemented with one more, more difficult one — the response to the oppression of the Russian monks on the Holy Mountain, he was instructed to find a place on the Black Sea coast where a monastery could be built, a certain prototype of Russik, where its monastic traditions and Rule would be observed. Fr. Arseniy found such a place near Sukhumi, where there was a destroyed church in the name of St. the Apostle Simon the Canaanean. In 1875 the dispensation of the New Athos Monastery named after Simon the Canaanean began. For the history of the monastery, information about its founder is of absolute value.

Journeys into Slavery along the Black Sea Coast, c. 550-450 BCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-94
Author(s):  
Christopher Stedman Parmenter
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Law Courts ◽  
Sea Coast

This article argues that descriptions of the Black Sea found in the Archaic poets, Herodotus, and later geographers were influenced by commercial itineraries circulated amongst Greek slave traders in the north. Drawing on an epigraphic corpus of twenty-three merchant letters from the region dating between c. 550 and 450 BCE, I contrast the travels of enslaved persons recorded in the documents with stylized descriptions found in literary accounts. This article finds that slaves took a variety of routes into—and out of—slavery, and that fear of enslavement was widely felt even among Greeks. Law courts might have been as important as “barbarian” warfare in ensnaring captives for export, and even slave traders themselves risked enslavement alongside their victims. Reconstructing the travels of individual slaves allows us to pursue a study in the spirit of what Joseph C. Miller has called the “biographical turn” in the study of slavery, privileging the experiences of the enslaved over the accounts of their masters. Although the lands around the distant Black Sea were never the leading source of slaves for Aegean cities, the wealth of primary testimony from the region puts it at the forefront in the history of slavery in ancient Greece.

Rome and the Tzani in late antiquity: a historical and archaeological review

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Emanuele E. Intagliata
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Written Sources

AbstractCompared to other stretches of the eastern frontier, northeastern Anatolia has rarely attracted the attention of scholars of the Roman and late antique periods. The region is known, through late antique written sources, to have housed a belligerent confederation of tribes, the Tzani, who lived off raids conducted against their neighbours. Until the fifth century AD, the Roman approach to the Tzanic problem was one of quiet co-existence, but, in the early sixth century AD, after war broke out again with Persia, necessity moved the emperor Justinian (r. AD 527–565) to intervene more actively against the Tzani. According to the sixth-century historian Procopius, the Tzani were subdued and a chain of forts was constructed in their lands to protect access to the Black Sea coast. The remains of these forts, as well as those of other sixth-century AD infrastructure allegedly built under Justinian, are still elusive. Nonetheless, evidence on the ground and in the written sources can still help investigate the nature of the Justinianic frontier defensive system.

MORPHOLOGY AND DYNAMICS OF THE LIMANIC BARRIERS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST UNDER ACTIVE ANTROPOGENOUS IMPACT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г. Выхованец ◽  
G. Vyhovanec
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Sea Sand ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Typical coastal elements of limans and lagoons are barriers, that separate limanic aquatories from a Seas. On limanic shores structure of the Black Sea sand barriers represented three longitudinal landscape “zones”: sea beach (“frontal”), dune-aeolian and limanic (“back of the barrier”). They closely interactive between themselves under influence of lithodynamical exchanges of sediment. General tendency of the barriers dynamics is displacement to Land direction.

A new cave-dwelling species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) from the West Caucasus

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
I.A. Belousov ◽  
A.G. Koval
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Sea Coast

A new species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928, C. maximovitchi sp. nov., is described from the Akhunskaya Cave and Labirintovaya Cave, both located in the Akhun Karst Massif on the Black Sea Coast of the West Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory, Russia). The new species is rather isolated within the genus Cimmerites and occupies an intermediate position between species related to C. kryzhanovskii Belousov, 1998 and species close to C. vagabundus Belousov, 1998. Though both C. maximovitchi sp. nov. and C. kryzhanovskii are still known only from caves, these species are quite similar in their life form to other members of the genus which are all true endogean species.

Gut Microbiota Patterns in Obese and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Patients from Romanian Black Sea Coast Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2260-2267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andra Iulia Suceveanu ◽  
Anca Pantea Stoian ◽  
Irinel Parepa ◽  
Claudia Voinea ◽  
Razvan Hainarosie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coast Region ◽  
Sea Coast

Gut microbiota plays a major role in the process of food absorption and low grade inflammation, two key steps in obesity and diabetes mellitus occurrence. Gut microbiota metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), have an important impact over the metabolic pathways like insulin signalling, incretin production and inflammation. [1-3] We aimed to study the microbiota patterns in obese and T2D patients from Black Sea Coast region, considering the ethnic mixture, environmental and geographical particularities, involving diet or various habits in this area. 100 patients and 100 controls matched by age, gender and ethnicity were studied regarding feaces predominance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. We compared the results of microbiota patterns from patients to those obtained in a similar control group of healthy subjects. The standard pour plate 0.05% L-cystine enriched method was used to obtain the bacterial cultures and anaerobic conditions. Morphological and biochemical tests were used to identify the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. Fecal organic acid concentrations were explored in frozen samples. The association between bacterial counts/organic acid concentrations and independent variables, including age, diet, ethnicity and other risk factors were calculated using multivariable linear regression analysis. Pearson�s correlation coefficients were calculated to detect associations between fecal bacteria counts/organic acid concentrations and laboratory variables (serum biomarkers, body mass index, age, and severity of obesity/T2D according to international scales). Junk and sweet diets, lack of physical activity and familial aggregation of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were significantly more often present in our T2D/obese patients than in controls. The bacterial counts of the L. acidophilus, L plantarum and L. reuteri subgroups of Lactobacillus sp were significantly lower among patients with T2D and obesity than in controls. The counting of Bifidobacterium spp revealed a higher presence of B. bifidum in controls than in obese or T2D patients. Diet type (junk food and sweets), BMI (]25) and personal history of metabolic disorders were associated with decreased counts of L acidophilus and increased counts of L. fermentum and B. adolescentis in T2D patients. Ethnicity, metabolic disorders history and junk and sweet diet were associated with low counts of L. acidophilus and L. reuteri and low counts of B. longum. Junk and sweet diet was associated with low counts of B. bifidum. Romanian ethnicity and metabolic disorders were associated with low counts of B. choerinum at obese patients, independent of age or previous antidiabetic treatments. The concentrations of acetic and butyric acids were significantly lower in all patients groups, while the concentrations of valeric acid were significantly higher in patients with untreated T2D and obese patients compared to the controls. Low counts of L. acidophilus and L. reuteri were positively correlated with the increased levels of HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, TG and inflammatory markers such as CRP, ESR and IL-6, no matter of diet, age, ethnicity or metabolic disorders history. Also, low counts of B. bifidum and B. infantis were positively correlated with high levels of CRP, IL-6 and TG. In obese patients, statistic analysis results showed that low counts of L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. johnsonii and L. reuteri were positively associated with increased levels of CPR, IL-6 and TG, while low counts of B. bifidum, B infantis and B. breve were positively correlated with higher counts of CPR, LDL cholesterol and TG. Low counts of B. bifidum and B choerinum were positively correlated with low counts of HDL cholesterol in Romanian ethnicity patients and in those with previous metabolic disorders. Low bacterial counts of some particular strains of Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium spp were positively correlated with diet type, BMI, Romanian ethnicity and personal history of metabolic disorders obese and T2D patients from Romanian Black Sea Coast Region.

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