On the chemical composition of prehistoric Greek copper-based artefacts from mainland Greece

1999 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 81-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Mangou ◽  
Panayiotis V. Ioannou
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Cold Worked ◽  
Arsenical Copper ◽  
The Bronze Age

170 copper-based objects from various sites in mainland Greece covering the Late Neolithic period and the whole of the Bronze Age have been analysed for their chemical content (twelve elements) by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that at all sites during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age relatively pure copper and arsenical copper were used, while during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages bronze dominated. Bronze objects of the Early Bronze Age were probably imported. Lead was not usually used to help casting. Metallographic examination of eight Late Neolithic, Early and Late Bronze Age hammered objects revealed that they have been cold-worked and annealed, most probably through several cycles.

On the Chemical composition of prehistoric Greek copper-based artefacts from Crete

1998 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Mangou ◽  
Panayiotis V. Ioannou
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Arsenical Copper ◽  
The Bronze Age

110 copper-based objects from various sites on Crete, covering the whole of the Bronze Age, were analysed for their chemical content (12 elements) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results indicate that during the Early Bronze Age arsenical copper was mainly used while in the Middle Bronze Age copper, arsenical copper, and arsenical bronze were in use with about equal frequency. During the Late Bronze Age normal bronze was used when required. The copper technology in each era was the same at all of the sites examined. Metallographic examination of four triangular daggers of the Early Bronze Age showed that they had been cast. In the case of three Late Bronze Age hydriae, the component sheets had been hammered and annealed.

On the Chemical Composition of Prehistoric Greek copper-based artefacts from the Aegean region

1997 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Mangou ◽  
Panayiotis V. Ioannou
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Aegean Region ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Copper Metallurgy ◽  
Arsenical Copper ◽  
Of Greece

Thirty-nine copper-based objects from the Aegean region of Greece, covering the Late Neolithic, Early and Late Bronze Ages, but excluding the Middle Bronze Age, were analysed for their chemical content (twelve elements) by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results show that there was a gradual shift in copper metallurgy from pure copper (Late Neolithic), to arsenical copper (Early Bronze Age), to bronze (Late Bronze Age). The results tend to indicate that the same type of copper metallurgy existed throughout the Aegean in each period.

Studies of the Late Bronze Age copper-based ingots found in Greece

2000 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Mangou ◽  
Panayiotis V. Ioannou
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
Aegean Region ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Different Origin

Seven bun type, one slab type, and 44 oxhide type Late Bronze Age ingots found in the Aegean region, Crete and Mainland Greece have been analysed for their chemical content (twelve elements) by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the ingots contain variable amounts of oxygen as copper(I) oxide. The oxhide ingots are made of purer copper, the bun type are of relatively pure copper and bronze, while the slab type is bronze. The oxhide ingots from Crete may have a different origin from those found in the Aegean and in Mainland Greece because they have a different chemical composition. The metallographic examination of twenty ingots, three of bun and seventeen of oxhide type, revealed that they have been cast in open moulds, followed by slow cooling. Microanalyses of inclusions in fifteen ingots revealed the presence of copper(I) sulphide, copper(I) oxide, copper-iron and copper-iron-sulphur and their origin is discussed. Hardness measurements on fourteen ingots of various types revealed that they are somewhat harder for a cast object than control alloys and likely explanations are given.

scholarly journals Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Furtwängler ◽  
A. B. Rohrlach ◽  
Thiseas C. Lamnidis ◽  
Luka Papac ◽  
Gunnar U. Neumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Southern Central

Abstract Genetic studies of Neolithic and Bronze Age skeletons from Europe have provided evidence for strong population genetic changes at the beginning and the end of the Neolithic period. To further understand the implications of these in Southern Central Europe, we analyze 96 ancient genomes from Switzerland, Southern Germany, and the Alsace region in France, covering the Middle/Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. Similar to previously described genetic changes in other parts of Europe from the early 3rd millennium BCE, we detect an arrival of ancestry related to Late Neolithic pastoralists from the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Switzerland as early as 2860–2460 calBCE. Our analyses suggest that this genetic turnover was a complex process lasting almost 1000 years and involved highly genetically structured populations in this region.

Some Problems Concerning China's Early Copper and Bronze Artifacts

Early China ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 53-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia K. Murray ◽  
An Zhimin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Shang Dynasty ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Slave Society ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Bronze Age

(Translator's Note: This article originally appeared in Kaogu Xuebao 1981.3: 269-284, and is translated with the author's permission.)I. The appearance of metal is a very important event in human history, marking the start of an age. From the patriarchal clan communes of the late Neolithic period to the slave society of the Bronze Age, there was a great change in the relationship between social development and production. As a result, the origin and development of metal-working is one of the important issues in archaeological research (p. 269).Early in the Shang dynasty, China had already advanced into slave society, and its brilliant bronze culture is an outstanding phenomenon in the history of the ancient world. Shang civilization evolved from Longshan foundations, and there is ample archaeological proof of the close relationship between the two. But from what origins did Shang bronze arise? Before the Shang, was there an aeneolithic period in which copper was used? These questions have not yet been satisfactorily answered. Since 1949 the new discoveries of copper objects and of bronze objects belonging to an early period have contributed important clues to the solution of these problems.

The Catholme Ceremonial Complex, Staffordshire, UK

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 135-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry P. Chapman ◽  
Mark Hewson ◽  
Margaret S. Watters ◽  
Lawrence Barfield ◽  
Christopher Bronk Ramsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Aerial Reconnaissance ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Bronze Age

During the 1960s and 1970s, aerial reconnaissance on the northern side of the confluence of the Rivers Trent, Tame, and Mease in Staffordshire revealed a cluster of features indicative of prehistoric ceremonial activity. Some of the features within the cluster are morphologically unique, but a lack of previous investigation meant that their dating, phasing, and function were unknown. This paper details the results of a multi-disciplinary approach to addressing these questions about the complex and to place it into its contemporary landscape context. The results indicate that the complex represents numerous phases of symbolic and ceremonial activity extending from the late Neolithic and into the early Bronze Age. Furthermore, it has shown how these structures fit within a wider landscape of ceremonial activity extending back to the earlier Neolithic and continuing into the Bronze Age.

Five Copper Axes from Greece

1979 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Phelps ◽  
G. J. Varoufakis ◽  
R. E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Late Neolithic

Early copper axes from mainland Greece, whether flat or shaft-hole, are rare. Only four are attributable with more or less certainty to the Final Neolithic period: two from Sesklo, one from Alepotrypa and one from Pevkakia. There is one from Crete that was found in a Late Neolithic level at Knossos. Three others might belong to Early Bronze I: a flat axe each from Gona and Marathon Cave, and a unique hammer-axe from Levadia. The three Mainland hoards, from Eutresis, Thebes, and Petralona, containing shaft-hole and flat axes, have been assigned to the latter half of the Early Bronze Age.

A New Context for Rock Art: a Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Ritual Monument at Fylingdales, North Yorkshire

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaise Vyner
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Altered Form ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Interior Face

After fire swept across 2.5 km2 of heather moorland the detail of a wide range of archaeological features was revealed. Among these was a so-far unique small circular monument, the principal component of which was a circle of near-upright slabs set in a shallow trench. The stones included one with a complex pecked geometric design reminiscent of some Grooved Ware ceramic decoration, and another with more commonly found cup-mark and linear motifs. Limited excavation was undertaken in response to disturbance of the monument and it was discovered that the stone with complex decoration had been reshaped for its monumental setting, having perhaps previously been a free-standing decorated monolith. In its altered form the stone formed part of a small circular arena, the interior face of which may have included alternating decorated and undecorated stones. The open arena had later been filled with rubble creating a small cairn, its material including a small block detached from the main stone as well as a number of cup- and other marked stones. Apart from the decorated stones there were no diagnostic artefacts and no direct dating information was present. It is suggested that the decorated stones originate in the later Neolithic period and that the monument containing them was constructed in the Early Bronze Age.

scholarly journals Ceramic materials of the late neolithic - early bronze age of the Podzorovo site on the Upper Don from the excavations by M.E. Foss in 1953

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
Andrey Sergeevich Zheludkov ◽  
Roman Viktorovich Smolyaninov ◽  
Irina Viktorovna Klimkova
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
Cultural Types ◽  
Technological Analysis ◽  
The Bronze Age

The following paper analyzes ceramic collection from the excavations by M.E. Foss in 1953 from the Podzorovo site in Michurinsky District , Tambov Region, stored in the collections of the State Historical Museum (GIM 104032, inventory A 833). According to the results of the research, M.E. Foss concluded that there was originally a Late Neolithic site, and then a Bronze Age settlement. At the same time, the ceramics were divided into two groups: Late Neolithic (first of all pit-comb ornamented) and relating to the Bronze Age (other). When reviewing the collection in the light of new knowledge we were able to identify the materials of Dronicha late Neolithic culture, Eneolithic Srednestog culture and ceramics of the Ksizovo type, as well as Repino culture of the early Bronze Age. All of them find numerous analogies in the settlements of Don forest-steppe area. Thus, it was established that only in the Neolithic era - early Bronze, the Podzorovo site was settled at least six times. As additional information when describing ceramics, we present data on the results of the technical and technological analysis obtained during the study of ceramics of these cultures and cultural types originating from the settlements of the Upper Don.

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