scholarly journals Diogenes of Oenoanda on Cyrenaic Hedonism

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
David Sedley
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exciting Time

One of the reasons why the past three decades have been an exciting time for historians of Epicureanism has been the revival of work on the Herculaneum papyri – very much a team effort. But another equally good reason has been provided by a remarkable solo act, Martin Ferguson Smith's pioneering work on the second-century AD Epicurean inscription of Diogenes of Oenoanda – the largest of all Greek inscriptions to survive from the ancient world, a key text in the history of Epicurean philosophy, and an extraordinary snapshot of the (literally) monumental scale on which philosophical evangelism could be practised in the Roman empire.Smith has, almost single-handed, discovered and edited well over 100 new fragments of the inscription. This enabled him in 1993 to publish his comprehensive edition of the augmented inscription. But that was not the end of his labours. Returning to the site of Oenoanda, he has unearthed a substantial body of new ‘new fragments’, and has hopes of uncovering more in future seasons. A recent batch was published in a 1998 article. In this paper I want to consider just one of them, New Fragment 128, which fills a hole in the existing fr. 33 of Smith's edition. Thanks to this discovery, Smith has been able to supply the line-ends of the missing col. IV, and likewise to join the previously lost line-beginnings of col. V to the already surviving line-ends of that column. In addition, he has been able to make very convincing improvements to his previous readings of column III.

Stellar Evolution

1962 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
M. Schwarzschild
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Stellar Evolution ◽  
Space Craft ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Individual Stars ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolution Of Galaxies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fast Flow

It is perhaps one of the most important characteristics of the past decade in astronomy that the evolution of some major classes of astronomical objects has become accessible to detailed research. The theory of the evolution of individual stars has developed into a substantial body of quantitative investigations. The evolution of galaxies, particularly of our own, has clearly become a subject for serious research. Even the history of the solar system, this close-by intriguing puzzle, may soon make the transition from being a subject of speculation to being a subject of detailed study in view of the fast flow of new data obtained with new techniques, including space-craft.

Reliability of the Plot Related to the Conversation with Deng Xiaoping on the Sino-Soviet Territorial Issues in the Memoirs of E. Shevardnadze

2021 ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Yinan Li
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
Territorial Claims

In 2009, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and President of Georgia E.A. Shevardnadze published his memoirs in Russian, which contain an “explosive” plot: while visiting China in February 1989, during his meeting with Deng Xiaoping, a lengthy dispute over border and territorial issues occurred. At that time, Deng allegedly expressed his point of view that vast lands of the Soviet Union, from three to four million square kilometers, belonged to China. Chinese can wait patiently until someday the lands return to China. This content is cited in scientific works by many historians from different countries as an argument. However, there is no other evidence which can prove this recollection. Many details in it contradict the well known historical facts or are completely illogical. There is a good reason to believe that the plot in the memoirs of Shevardnadze is an incorrect recollection. It could even be considered as a made-up story. Moreover, it is possible that it was fabricated for some reasons. Hence, the plot is not worthy of being quoted as a reliable source. At the Sino-Soviet summit Deng Xiaoping did have expressed the point of view that in the past Russia and then the Soviet Union cut off millions of square kilometers of land from China, but at the same time he promised the leader of the Soviet Union that China would not make territorial claims. Since the mid-1980s Deng Xiaoping actively promoted the settlement of the Sino-Soviet border issues through negotiations, which led to the result that 99% of the border between Russia and China was delimited on a legal basis in the last years of his life. At present, the problems of the Sino-Russian border have been finally resolved long ago. There is no doubt that the scientific research and discussions on issues related to territory and borders in the history of Sino-Soviet relations can be made. However, such research and discussions should be based on reliable sources.

scholarly journals Historians, are Archeologists Your Siblings?

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 369-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Vansina
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
African History ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Relative Scarcity

The historian of pre-nineteenth century Africa…cannot get far without the aid of archaeology.Nevertheless, historians have good reason to be cautious about historical generalisations by archaeologists and about their own use of archaeological material…: it would be a rash historian who totally accepted the conclusions of Garlake and Huffman with the same simple-minded trust as I myself accepted the conclusions of Summers and Robinson.In the beginning, historians of Africa put great store by archeology. Was its great time depth not one of the distinctive features of the history of Africa, a condition that cannot be put aside without seriously distorting the flavor of all its history? Did not the relative scarcity and the foreign authorship of most precolonial written records render archeological sources all the more precious? Did not history and archeology both deal with the reconstruction of human societies in the past? Was the difference between them not merely the result of a division of labor based on sources, so that historical reconstruction follows in time and flows from archeological reconstruction? Such considerations explain why the Journal of African History has regularly published regional archeological surveys in order to keep historians up to date.

Britannia on Roman coins of the second century A.D.

1924 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Toynbee
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Accurate Representation ◽  
Roman Coins ◽  
Greek Revival ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
Greek Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The history of art in the Roman period is the history of the interplay of two opposite tendencies. On the one hand there is the Roman taste for realism and accurate representation, combining with the Italian love of naturalism; on the other, the fostering of the Greek tradition of idealism in art both by the Greek artists who worked at Rome and by the Greek enthusiasts among their Roman employers. After the culmination of Roman historical art under the Flavians and Trajan, the second century, as is well known, was marked by a great reaction in favour of things Hellenic, and it is with one small part of the Greek revival under Hadrian and the Antonines, when Greek art blossomed afresh for the last time during the history of the ancient world, that I propose to deal in this paper.

scholarly journals Dampak Dikeluarkannya Edik Milano 313 bagi Kebebasan Gereja

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Jon Mister R. Damanik
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Church History ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

Church history is not an outdated or outdated writing, but church history has an important role to play. Because in the history of the church there are important parts that can be used as a teaching for the church today. Chrestus is a term for followers of Christ, and Christians are used as an outlet for pleasure when they are persecuted, pitted against hungry animals, used as torches to light the garden, nearly 250 years of persecuted Christians have not been given freedom by the state even if there is a problem -problems like a fire whose cause is Christians because they do not worship their gods so that the gods are angry. The Edik Milan is a decree issued in 313 which greatly influenced the church's freedom to carry out religious activities. The meaning of Edik is: "an order carried out by the ruler." Milan is "the Roman state where Roman rule ruled." With the issuance of this Edict of Milan by Konstantin the Great, the ruler of the Roman empire gave a glimmer of hope in freedom of worship. Events that have occurred in the church in the past are a motivation for the church to keep carrying out the command of the Lord Jesus, namely to make all nations become His disciples. The church exists today because there was a church in the past, hope to continue learning about history because from history there will be a lot to know about what happened in the past as a positive lesson in the present.AbstrakSejarah Gereja bukan suatu tulisan yang tidak berlaku atau yang sudah usang, tetapi sejarah gereja memiliki peranan penting untuk dipelajari. Karena dalam sejarah gereja terdapat bagian-bagian yang penting untuk dapat dijadikan sebagai suatu pengajaran bagi gereja masa kini. Chrestus adalah suatu sebutan untuk pengikut Kristus, dan orang-orang Kristen dijadikan sebagai pelampiasan kesenangan pada saat mereka dianiaya, diadu dengan binatang lapar, dijadikan obor sebagai penerang taman, hampir 250 tahun orang-orang Kristen dianiaya tidak diberikan kebebasan oleh negara bahkan jika ada masalah-masalah seperti kebakaran yang penyebabnya itu adalah orang Kristen karena mereka tidak menyembah dewa mereka sehingga dewa murka. Edik Milan adalah suatu Surat Keputusan yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 313 yang sangat berpengaruh bagi kebebasan gereja untuk melaksanakan kegiatan ibadah-ibadah. Arti Edik adalah: ”perintah yang dilakukan oleh penguasa.” Milan adalah ”negara Roma tempat pemerintahan Romawi berkuasa.” Dengan dikeluarkan Edik Milan ini oleh Konstantinu Agung penguasa kekaisaran Romawi memberikan secercah harapan dalam kebebasan dalam melaksanakan ibadah. Peristiwa yang pernah terjadi pada gereja pada masa dulu adalah suatu motivasi bagi gereja untuk tetap menjalankan perintah Tuhan Yesus yaitu untuk menjadikan semua bangsa menjadi murid-Nya. Gereja ada pada hari ini karena ada gereja pada masa lalu, harapan teruslah belajar tentang sejarah karena dari sejarah akan banyak diketahui apa yang terjadi pada masa lalu sebagai suatu pembelajaran yang positif pada masa kini.

A Cultural History of Memory in Antiquity

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Remote Past

The ancient world is a paradigm for the memory scholar. Without an awareness that collective memories are not only different from individual memories (or even the sum thereof) but also highly constructed, ancient research will be fundamentally flawed. Many networks of memories are beautifully represented in the written and material remains of antiquity, and it is precisely the ways in which they are fashioned, distorted, preserved or erased through which we can learn about the historical process as such. Our evidence is deeply characterized by the fact that ancient ‘identity’ and ‘memory’ appear exceptionally strong. Responsible for this is a continuing desire to link the present to the remote past, which creates many contexts in which memories were constructed. The ancient historian therefore has the right tools with which to work: places and objects from the past, monuments and iconography, and textual narratives with a primary purpose to memorize and commemorate. This is paired with our desire to understand the ancient world through its own self-perception. With the opportunity of tapping into this world by way of oral history, personal testimonies are a desideratum in all respects. Memory of the past, however, is profoundly about ‘self-understanding’. This volume surveys and builds on the many insights we have gained from vibrant research in the field since Maurice Halbwachs’ and Jan Assmann’s seminal studies on the idea and definition of ‘cultural memory’. While focusing on specific themes all chapters address the concepts and expressions of memory, and their historical impact and utilization by groups and individuals at specific times and for specific reasons.

Appian: Wars of the Romans in Iberia

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
The Third ◽  
Scipio Africanus ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Continuous Source

Appian wrote his Roman history in the second century AD as a series of books arranged geographically to chronicle the rise of the Roman Empire. His Iberike, of which this is the first translation with historical commentary in English, deals with the Romans' wars in the Iberian peninsula from the third to the first centuries BC. It is the only continuous source for much of the history of this crucial period in one of the earliest regions of Rome's imperial expansion, and so fills in the gap made by the loss of Livy's later books. He describes the major campaigns of the conquest from the defeat of the Carthaginians by Scipio Africanus, the wars against the Celtiberians, the war against the Lusitanians under Viriathus and the siege of Numantia. The value of the text is not merely as a chronicle of otherwise obscure events, Appian was an historian who deserves to be studied in his own right. This scholarly edition presents the Greek text with facing-page English translation, accompanied by an introduction, historical commentary and copious notes.

scholarly journals Carneades and the Conceit of Rome: Transhistorical Approaches to Imperialism

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW P. FITZPATRICK
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
For Profit ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

In a recent contribution to Greece & Rome, Thomas Harrison illustrated how the conceit of the United States as the ‘New Rome’ colours our knowledge of both the ancient world and our own. His deceptively light-hearted approach and examples illustrated that the transhistorical approach is certainly one that can be used for fun; however, at its core, the article poses a much more serious question – can the transhistorical approach to imperialism be used for profit? Or, as Harrison posed the question, ‘Can an understanding of ancient imperialisms cast light on contemporary experience?’ Acutely, Harrison points to the symbiosis between interpretations of the past and the present, illustrating the abundance of what might be termed ‘palimpsestic’ readings of modern empires, which are generated by writing through the history of past empires.

scholarly journals Our Common Breath: ‘Conspiration’ from the Stoics to the Church Fathers

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Phillip Sidney Horky
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The Church

AbstractThis essay tracks a brief history of the concept of ‘co-breathing’ or ‘conspiration’ (συμπνοία), from its initial conception in Stoic cosmology in the third century BCE to its appropriation in Christian thought at the end of the second century CE. This study focuses on two related strands: first, how the term gets associated anachronistically with two paradigmatic philosopher-physicians, Hippocrates and Pythagoras, by intellectuals in the Early Roman Empire; and second, how the same term provides the early Church Fathers with a means to synthesize and explain discrete notions of ‘breath’ (πνεῦμα) through a repurposing of the pagan concept. Sources discussed include figures associated with Stoic, Pythagorean, and early Christian cosmologies.

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