scholarly journals The Princeton Experiment on the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 334-335
Author(s):  
E. B. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Astronomical Observatory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Absorption Lines ◽  
Interstellar Absorption ◽  
Entire Spectrum ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Spectrum ◽  
Ultraviolet Spectrometer

Princeton's 80 cm diameter telescope with an ultraviolet spectrometer will be the prime experiment on board NASA's third Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO-C) which is scheduled for launch in late 1971. Two scanning carriage arms within the spectrometer will each have one photomultiplier sensitive to a 1600–3200 Å first order spectrum and another photomultiplier which will register from 800 to 1600 Å in the second order. Since the primary purpose of the instrument will be to study interstellar absorption lines, the design philosophy has emphasized the role of carefully examining the detail of specific lines, rather than surveying a star's entire spectrum. Thus the carriage with the narrowest exit slits, providing 0.1 Å resolution in first order and 0.05 Å in second order, has been programmed to repetitively scan and retrace over any selected 0.7 Å interval in first order (or 0.35 Å in second order). Stepping motion in one direction every 16 s will occur for the second carriage, which will offer 0.4 and 0.2 Å resolutions for first and second orders, respectively. Approximately half of the starlight which is focussed on the entrance slit jaws is reflected into a fine guidance system which will enable the spacecraft to stabilize to within 0.1 arc sec on a star as faint as 7th magnitude.

Differences in EDNO contribution to arteriolar diameters at rest and during functional dilation in striated muscle

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. H146-H151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Hester ◽  
A. Eraslan ◽  
Y. Saito
Keyword(s):  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Muscle Stimulation ◽  
Third Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Arteriolar Vasodilation ◽  
Arteriolar Diameter

This study was designed to determine the physiological role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (EDNO) in the control of arteriolar diameter during rest and muscle stimulation. Diameters of first-, second-, and third-order arterioles in the superfused hamster cremaster muscle were measured before and throughout 1 min of field stimulation before and after inhibition of EDNO release. ENDO inhibition by intravenous N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly attenuated the arteriolar vasodilation in response to 1 microM acetylcholine. First-order arterioles averaged 65 +/- 5 microns at rest and dilated to 86 +/- 6 microns during muscle stimulation (n = 9), second-order arterioles averaged 45 +/- 6 microns and dilated to 72 +/- 3 microns during muscle stimulation (n = 6), with third-order arterioles averaging 29 +/- 2 microns, and dilating to 53 +/- 3 microns during muscle stimulation (n = 7). EDNO inhibition significantly decreased both the resting diameter of first-order arterioles (57 +/- 4 microns) and functional dilation (68 +/- 3 microns; P <0.05). EDNO inhibition had no effect on the resting diameter of second-order arterioles (45 +/- 5 microns) yet significantly attenuated the functional dilation (64 +/- 4 microns; P < 0.05). EDNO inhibition had no effect on either the resting diameter of third-order arterioles (30 +/- 2 microns) or the functional dilation (49 +/- 2 microns).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Role of rheological heterogeneities in vein-ore localization

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Castaing ◽  
D. Cassard ◽  
Y. Gros ◽  
M. Moisy ◽  
J. C. Chabod
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Massif Central ◽  
First Order ◽  
Ore Localization ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Partial Destruction

Structural studies of the Saint-Salvy zinc deposit and other Hercynian, veinhosted ore deposits in the French Massif Central and Pyrénées reveal a fourstage evolution of mineralized structures under rheological control: (i) localization of potential mineralized areas, guided by the presence of first-order lithological or structural heterogeneities that caused stress and strain perturbations; (ii) creation of second-order heterogeneities, corresponding to indurated shear zones that acted as rheological discontinuities; (iii) tectonic activation of these second-order heterogeneities, opening voids that allowed circulation of hydrothermal fluids and periodic trapping of ore minerals; (iv) reworking and partial destruction of the mineralized structures, caused by the reactivation of anisotropic surfaces acting as zones of weakness. The interaction between preexisting, first-order heterogeneities and regional shear strain caused instability, which in turn produced second-order and then lower-order heterogeneities. Such progressively smaller heterogeneities induced an increasingly focused, centripetal localization of structural disturbances that enabled hydrothermal fluid channelling. This is the reason that lower-order and late structures preferentially bear economic mineralization.

scholarly journals The role of consolidation in learning context-dependent phonotactic patterns in speech and digital sequence production

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (14) ◽  
pp. 3617-3622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel D. Anderson ◽  
Gary S. Dell
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Speech Errors ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Speech Error ◽  
First Order ◽  
Sequence Production ◽  
Syllable Onset ◽  
Single Experimental Session

Speakers implicitly learn novel phonotactic patterns by producing strings of syllables. The learning is revealed in their speech errors. First-order patterns, such as “/f/ must be a syllable onset,” can be distinguished from contingent, or second-order, patterns, such as “/f/ must be an onset if the vowel is /a/, but a coda if the vowel is /o/.” A metaanalysis of 19 experiments clearly demonstrated that first-order patterns affect speech errors to a very great extent in a single experimental session, but second-order vowel-contingent patterns only affect errors on the second day of testing, suggesting the need for a consolidation period. Two experiments tested an analogue to these studies involving sequences of button pushes, with fingers as “consonants” and thumbs as “vowels.” The button-push errors revealed two of the key speech-error findings: first-order patterns are learned quickly, but second-order thumb-contingent patterns are only strongly revealed in the errors on the second day of testing. The influence of computational complexity on the implicit learning of phonotactic patterns in speech production may be a general feature of sequence production.

scholarly journals Attention to Configural Information in Change Detection for Faces

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5517 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1353-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone K Favelle ◽  
Darren Burke
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Object Discrimination ◽  
Attentional Allocation ◽  
Facial Region ◽  
First Order ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Basic Level

In recent research the change-detection paradigm has been used along with cueing manipulations to show that more attention is allocated to the upper than lower facial region, and that this attentional allocation is disrupted by inversion. We report two experiments the object of which was to investigate how the type of information changed might be a factor in these findings by explicitly comparing the role of attention in detecting change to information thought to be ‘special’ to faces (second-order relations) with information that is more useful for basic-level object discrimination (first-order relations). Results suggest that attention is automatically directed to second-order relations in upright faces, but not first-order relations, and that this pattern of attentional allocation is similar across features.

Second-order Raman spectrum of ZnSe

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (21) ◽  
pp. 2499-2506 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Irwin ◽  
J. LaCombe
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectrum ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Optical Phonons ◽  
Zone Boundary ◽  
Sum Rule ◽  
First Order ◽  
Zinc Blende ◽  
Order Spectrum ◽  
Phonon Spectra

The first- and second-order Raman spectra of ZnSe have been measured and an interpretation of the spectra has been carried out. The first-order spectrum yielded the values [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the longitudinal and transverse optical phonons at the center of the Brillouin zone. The zone boundary frequencies at the critical points X, L, and W have been estimated from the second-order spectrum. These frequencies were chosen to be consistent with both the experimental results and a theoretical model. The resulting values were further checked for consistency with a sum rule and by using regularities observed previously in the phonon spectra of zinc blende semiconductors.

Sodium hyperosmolarity of intestinal lymph causes arteriolar vasodilation in part mediated by EDRF

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. H323-H328 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Steenbergen ◽  
H. G. Bohlen
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
Intestinal Lymph ◽  
Relaxing Factor ◽  
Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor ◽  
Arteriolar Vasodilation ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study evaluated 1) the effect of increased submucosal lymph osmolarity on the regulation of first-order (1A) and second-order (2A) intestinal arterioles and 2) the role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in hypertonic-induced vasodilation. Increasing the submucosal lymph osmolarity from 280 to 400 mosM, in increments of 30 mosM, resulted in a dose-dependent dilation of 1A and 2A. A submucosal lymph tonicity of 340 mosM, as occurs during glucose and oleic acid absorption, caused dilation of 1A (118%) and 2A (124%) equivalent to that during absorptive hyperemia. The dilation caused by 400 mosM mannitol (137%) was similar to that with 340 mosM NaCl (131%) and approximately 70% of that with 400 mosM NaCl (152%). After EDRF blockade, the responses to sodium hypertonicity decreased by about one-half; blockade reduced mannitol-induced dilation by 22%. These results indicate that sodium hypertonicity, as occurs during absorption, can play a major role in absorptive hyperemia, and about one-half of the dilation is related to a sodium-coupled release of EDRF.

Consumers' waiting in queues: The role of first-order and second-order justice

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongrong Zhou ◽  
Dilip Soman
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
First Order

scholarly journals Ocean Surface Cross Section for Bistatic HF Radar Incorporating a Six DOF Oscillation Motion Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao ◽  
Xie ◽  
Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Hf Radar ◽  
Motion Model ◽  
Floating Platform ◽  
Platform Motion ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Spectrum ◽  
Six Dof

To investigate the characteristics of sea clutter, based on ocean surface electromagnetic scattering theory, the first- and second-order ocean surface scattering cross sections for bistatic high-frequency (HF) radar incorporating a multi-frequency six degree-of-freedom (DOF) oscillation motion model are mathematically derived. The derived radar cross sections (RCSs) can be reduced to the floating platform based monostatic case or onshore bistatic case for corresponding geometry setting. Simulation results show that the six DOF oscillation motion will result in more additional peaks in the radar Doppler spectra and the amplitudes and frequencies of these motion-induced peaks are decided by the amplitudes and frequencies of the oscillation motion. The effect of the platform motion on the first-order radar spectrum is greater than that of the second-order, and the motion-induced peaks in the first-order spectrum may overlap with the second-order spectrum. Furthermore, yaw is the dominant factor affecting the radar spectra, especially the second-order. Moreover, the effect of platform motion on radar spectra and the amplitudes of the second-order spectrum decreases as the bistatic angle increases. In addition, it should be noted that the amplitudes of the Bragg peaks may be lower than those of the motion-induced peaks due to the low frequency (LF) oscillation motion of the floating platform, which is an important finding for the applications of the floating platform based bistatic HF radar in moving target detection and ocean surface dynamics parameter estimation.

scholarly journals Schemata: The Concept of Schema in the History of Logic

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Corcoran
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
History Of Logic ◽  
Separation Axiom ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
First Order ◽  
Side Condition ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Order Separation

AbstractSchemata have played important roles in logic since Aristotle's Prior Analytics. The syllogistic figures and moods can be taken to be argument schemata as can the rules of the Stoic propositional logic. Sentence schemata have been used in axiomatizations of logic only since the landmark 1927 von Neumann paper [31]. Modern philosophers know the role of schemata in explications of the semantic conception of truth through Tarski's 1933 Convention T [42]. Mathematical logicians recognize the role of schemata in first-order number theory where Peano's second-order Induction Axiom is approximated by Herbrand's Induction-Axiom Schema [23]. Similarly, in first-order set theory, Zermelo's second-order Separation Axiom is approximated by Fraenkel's first-order Separation Schema [17]. In some of several closely related senses, a schema is a complex system having multiple components one of which is a template-text or scheme-template, a syntactic string composed of one or more “blanks” and also possibly significant words and/or symbols. In accordance with a side condition the template-text of a schema is used as a “template” to specify a multitude, often infinite, of linguistic expressions such as phrases, sentences, or argument-texts, called instances of the schema. The side condition is a second component. The collection of instances may but need not be regarded as a third component. The instances are almost always considered to come from a previously identified language (whether formal or natural), which is often considered to be another component. This article reviews the often-conflicting uses of the expressions ‘schema’ and ‘scheme’ in the literature of logic. It discusses the different definitions presupposed by those uses. And it examines the ontological and epistemic presuppositions circumvented or mooted by the use of schemata, as well as the ontological and epistemic presuppositions engendered by their use. In short, this paper is an introduction to the history and philosophy of schemata.

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