Determination of Horizontal and Vertical Control Points for Lunar Mapping

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Marvin Q. Marchant
Keyword(s):  
Army Corps ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Army Corps Of Engineers ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Vertical Control ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Map Service ◽  
Lunar Mapping

The determination of horizontal and vertical control points has been undertaken by the Army Map Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, to assure that the entire surface of the Moon which is visible from the Earth may be shown in detail and with greater accuracy than that of any existing map.

Automated Determination of the Position of Ships by Satellites

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 281-285
Author(s):  
H. C. Freiesleben
Keyword(s):  
Celestial Body ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Position Determination ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Navigational Aids ◽  
Automated Determination

It has recently been suggested that 24-hour satellites might be used as navigational aids. To what category of position determination aids should these be assigned ? Is a satellite of this kind as it were a landmark, because, at least in theory, it remains fixed over the same point on the Earth's surface, in which case it should be classified under land-based navigation aids ? Is it a celestial body, although only one tenth as far from the Earth as the Moon ? If so, it is an astronomical navigation aid. Or is it a radio aid ? After all, its use for position determination depends on radio waves. In this paper I shall favour this last view. For automation is most feasible when an object of observation can be manipulated. This is easiest with radio aids, but it is, of course, impossible with natural stars.At present artificial satellites have the advantage over all other radio aids of world-wide coverage.

scholarly journals The Lunar orbit paradox

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Tomic
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Mass ◽  
Lunar Orbit ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Origin Of The Moon ◽  
Force Intensity ◽  
Critical Consideration

Newton's formula for gravity force gives greather force intensity for atraction of the Moon by the Sun than atraction by the Earth. However, central body in lunar (primary) orbit is the Earth. So appeared paradox which were ignored from competent specialist, because the most important problem, determination of lunar orbit, was inmediately solved sufficiently by mathematical ingeniosity - introducing the Sun as dominant body in the three body system by Delaunay, 1860. On this way the lunar orbit paradox were not canceled. Vujicic made a owerview of principles of mechanics in year 1998, in critical consideration. As an example for application of corrected procedure he was obtained gravity law in some different form, which gave possibility to cancel paradox of lunar orbit. The formula of Vujicic, with our small adaptation, content two type of acceleration - related to inertial mass and related to gravity mass. So appears carried information on the origin of the Moon, and paradox cancels.

scholarly journals NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TSUNAMIS ORIGINATING IN THE PERU-CHILE TRENCH

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
A.W. Garcia ◽  
H.L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Numerical Code ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Army Corps Of Engineers ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chile Tsunami ◽  
Tsunami Amplitude

The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has as an objective of its research and development program the determination of better harbor design criteria for tsunami protection. A previous report (Houston, et. al., 1975b) addressed the subject of tsunami vulnerability of the Pacific Coast of the continental United States to tsunamis originating in the Aleutian Trench. That report determined the variation in tsunami amplitude as a function of coastal distance due to a standard uplift source at different locations in the Aleutian Trench. The present report is a continuation of that study and addresses the subject of tsunami vulnerability along the same stretch of coast to tsunamis originating in the Peru-Chile Trench. In addition, modifications to the numerical code used in the previous report allowed the simulation of the Chile tsunami of May 22, 1960.

scholarly journals Commission 19: Rotation of the Earth

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. S. Yatskiv ◽  
W. J. Klepczynski ◽  
F. Barlier ◽  
H. Enslin ◽  
C. Kakuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Laser Ranging ◽  
Earth’S Rotation ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Earth's Rotation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Terrestrial Reference System ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth

During the period, work on the problem of the Earth’s rotation has continued to expand and increase its scope. The total number of institutions engaged in the determination of the Earth’s rotation parameters (ERP) by different techniques has been increased significantly. The rotation of the Earth is currently measured by classical astrometry, Doppler and laser satellite tracking, laser ranging of the Moon, and radio interferometry. Several long time series of the ERP are available from most of these techniques, in particular, those made during the Main Campaign of the MERIT project. The various series have been intercompared and their stability, in the time frame of years to days, has been estimated for the purposes of establishing a new conventional terrestrial reference system (COTES). On the other hand, the difficulties of maintaining a regular operation for laser ranging to the Moon (LLR) have been recognized. It resulted in the proposal to organize an one-month campaign of observations in 1985 in order to complement the COTES collocation program and to allow additional intercomparisons with other techniques.

scholarly journals The Shape of the Moon

1972 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Runcorn ◽  
S. Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Global Shape ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Intrinsic Scatter ◽  
Simple Statistical Analysis

The determination of the heights of points on the lunar surface by Earth based astronomy using the geometrical librations, although individually of low accuracy, still provides our best method of obtaining the global shape of the Moon. The intrinsic scatter of the results arises from the effects of ‘seeing’ and simple statistical analysis is required to derive valid conclusions about the shape. Baldwin's method of fitting ellipsoidal surfaces to the points on the maria and uplands, separately by the method of least squares proves to be a valuable tool.Analyses of the ACIC points and of the Pic du Midi studies of G. A. Mills show that good first descriptions of the global shape of the Moon for both the maria and uplands are triaxial ellipsoids with their long axes within 10° of the Earth direction, the major axis of the maria being about 1.3 km smaller than that of the uplands. Of particular significance is that the ellipticity of these surfaces is about 2½ times greater than the dynamical ellipticity; thus the non-hydrostatic figure of the Moon is not simply the result of distortion from a uniform Moon during its early history. The angular variation in density within the Moon cannot be simply a phenomena within the crust but must extend to a great depth. Convection could provide an explanation.The departures of the lunar surface from the idealised ellipsoids are also of interest. The circular maria are systematically depressed relative to the maria ellipsoid: can the mascons have adjusted isostatically since their formation? Systematic differences in height between the western and eastern southern uplands are also noted.

Regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in higher plants

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Moulin ◽  
A.G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Porphyrin Macrocycle ◽  
End Products ◽  
Strong Competition

Plant tetrapyrroles are the most abundant biomolecules on the earth and are cofactors of many apoproteins essential for plant function. The four end-products sirohaem, chlorophyll, haem and phytochromobilin are synthesized by a common branched pathway, which is tightly regulated to ensure a continuous supply to the cognate apoproteins. This may induce strong competition between different branches of the pathway for common substrates. In addition, the intermediates, which are phototoxic, must not be allowed to accumulate in the cell. The major control points are during the synthesis of the initial precursor, ALA (5-aminolaevulinic acid), and at the branch points for the insertion of metal ions into the porphyrin macrocycle. A recent study has also suggested that tetrapyrroles are involved in the communication between the chloroplast and the nucleus, strengthening the necessity for tight regulation. However, intermediates remain difficult to quantify mainly due to their low content and the different properties of the intermediates. In this paper, we summarize the regulation of this pathway and we detail why it is important to have an accurate method for the determination of tetrapyrroles in plants.

scholarly journals Purnama-Tilem: Konsep Rwa Bhinneda Pada Wariga Di Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Wasudewa Bhattacarya
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Universe

<p><em>The spread of Hinduism from India to Indonesia is the result of acculturation of culture which then brought the concepts of Astronomy-Astrology in </em><em>Jyotiṣa </em><em>to Indonesia and Bali. Arriving in Bali, the concept of Astronomy-Astrology is known as Wariga. Wariga’s existence gave rise to holy days in the implementation of Yajña. One of them is the holy day of Purnama-Tilem. The determination of this holy day is based on the appearance of the moon from the earth as a repetitive cycle. If the moon appears perfectly round from the earth, it is called Purnama (Full Moon), whereas if the moon is not visible from the earth it is called Tilem (Dark Moon). This shows that there are two very basic differences in  determining Purnama  and  Tilem.  Dualistic this difference in Hinduism is called Rwa Bhinneda. Rwa Binneda is a polarization of life that speaks of all forms of dualism such as, top down, right left, dark light, and so on. Based on manuscipts in Bali, the existence of Purnama and Tilem shows a dualism in Hindu Theology called Sanghyang Rwa Bhinneda there  are Sanghyang Wulan and Sanghyang Surya at the level of </em><em>Saguṇa </em><em>Brahman. The dualism of the difference between Purnama and Tilem also influences Bhuwana Agung and Bhuwana Alit. The difference in the meaning of Purnama and Tilem is not something bad, but through this difference will bring about a balance between God, humans and the universe so that all beings will be able to reach the Moksartham Jagadhita ya ca iti Dharma.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em><br /></em></strong><em></em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Siderophile element constraints on the origin of the Moon

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2024) ◽  
pp. 20130258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
The Moon ◽  
Element Abundances ◽  
Giant Impact ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Precision Determination ◽  
Mantle Sources ◽  
Volcanic Glasses ◽  
High Precision Determination ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

Discovery of small enrichments in 182 W/ 184 W in some Archaean rocks, relative to modern mantle, suggests both exogeneous and endogenous modifications to highly siderophile element (HSE) and moderately siderophile element abundances in the terrestrial mantle. Collectively, these isotopic enrichments suggest the formation of chemically fractionated reservoirs in the terrestrial mantle that survived the putative Moon-forming giant impact, and also provide support for the late accretion hypothesis. The lunar mantle sources of volcanic glasses and basalts were depleted in HSEs relative to the terrestrial mantle by at least a factor of 20. The most likely explanations for the disparity between the Earth and Moon are either that the Moon received a disproportionately lower share of late accreted materials than the Earth, such as may have resulted from stochastic late accretion, or the major phase of late accretion occurred prior to the Moon-forming event, and the putative giant impact led to little drawdown of HSEs to the Earth's core. High precision determination of the 182 W isotopic composition of the Moon can help to resolve this issue.

TOPOGRAPHIC LUNAR MAPPING

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert L. Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Stereographic Projection ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Corps Of Engineers ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Map Service ◽  
Lunar Mapping

With the advent of the space age and subsequent studies suggesting the possibility of landings on the moon, the need for a topographic lunar map became apparent. This paper describes the steps taken by the Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, in preparing a map of the visible surface in two sheets, at a scale of 1:5,000,000, with 1000-meter contours and 500-meter auxiliary contours, on a modified stereographic projection.

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