The conditioning model of neurosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Eysenck
Keyword(s):  
Learning Theory ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Many

AbstractThe long-term persistence of neurotic symptoms, such as anxiety, poses difficult problems for any psychological theory. An attempt is made to revive the Watson-Mowrer conditioning theory and to avoid the many criticisms directed against it in the past. It is suggested that recent research has produced changes in learning theory that can be used to render this possible. In the first place, the doctrine of equipotentiality has been shown to be wrong, and some such concept as Seligman's “preparedness” is required, that is the notion that certain CS are biologically prepared to be more readily connected with anxiety responses than others. In the second place, the law of extinction has to be amended, and the law of incubation or enhancement added, according to which the exposure of the CS-only may, under certain specified conditions, have the effect of increasing the strength of the CR, rather than reducing it. The major conditions favouring incubation are (1) Pavlovian B conditioning, that is a type of conditioning in which the CR is a drive; (2) a strong UCS, and (3) short exposure of the CS-only.

Afterword

2021 ◽  
pp. 244-248
Author(s):  
Michael J. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Gay Rights ◽  
Marriage Equality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Many ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Way

Gay rights and marriage equality have advanced so far in the U.S. in the past decade that it would be all too easy to assume that the struggle is over. The opponents of gay rights, however, remain powerful. Readers can take inspiration from how dramatically attitudes toward gay rights have liberalized in the past two decades and how transformative the liberalization of attitudes has been. We live in a world where political lies often seem to have the upper hand. It is worth remembering that despite the many short term advantages that lies can yield in politics, the truth has some long term advantages as well. The way the marriage equality movement prevailed should be a lesson to anyone who wants to make progressive social change.

scholarly journals Mnemonic Populism: The Polish Holocaust Law and its Afterlife

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelia Kończal
Keyword(s):  
Significant Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Foundations ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

In early 2018, the Polish parliament adopted controversial legislation criminalising assertions regarding the complicity of the ‘Polish Nation’ and the ‘Polish State’ in the Holocaust. The so-called Polish Holocaust Law provoked not only a heated debate in Poland, but also serious international tensions. As a result, it was amended only five months after its adoption. The reason why it is worth taking a closer look at the socio-cultural foundations and political functions of the short-lived legislation is twofold. Empirically, the short history of the Law reveals a great deal about the long-term role of Jews in the Polish collective memory as an unmatched Significant Other. Conceptually, the short life of the Law, along with its afterlife, helps capture poll-driven, manifestly moralistic and anti-pluralist imaginings of the past, which I refer to as ‘mnemonic populism’. By exploring the relationship between popular and political images of the past in contemporary Poland, this article argues for joining memory and populism studies in order to better understand what can happen to history in illiberal surroundings.

Rule of Law, Security, and Transitional Justice in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Societies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Mihr ◽  
Chandra Sriram Lekha
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Truth Commissions ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Many

States are expected to provide both security and justice for their citizens; one needs the other in order to work well. Yet when both are damaged or destroyed by war, state actors and outsiders alike tend to treat them as competing post-conflict priorities. Over the past twenty years, numerous processes have emerged to promote one or both, including “transitional justice”—from courts and truth commissions to community reconciliation—and programs to restore rule of law, reform the “security sector” (SSR) and disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate fighters into society (DDR). The many actors involved have just as many, sometimes competing, operational priorities, knowing that change is urgent, but necessarily long-term. This chapter examines the interaction of transitional justice, rule of law, SSR, and DDR, identifying key concepts, actors, processes, and challenges in pursuing change in each of these areas simultaneously.

scholarly journals Masers in evolved star winds

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S287) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Anita M. S. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Interferometric Imaging ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolved Stars ◽  
Multiple Observations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
Term Monitoring

AbstractThis review summarises current observations of masers around evolved stars and models for their location and behaviour, followed by some of the many highlights from the past 5 years. Some of these have been the fruition of long-term monitoring, a vital aspect of study of stars which are both periodically variable and prone to rapid outbursts or transition to a new evolutionary stage. Interferometric imaging of masers provide the highest-resolution probes of the stellar wind, but their exponential amplification and variability means that multiple observations are needed to investigate questions such as what drives the wind from the stellar surface; why does it accelerate slowly over many tens of stellar radii; what causes maser variability. VLBI parallaxes have improved our understanding of individual objects and of Galactic populations. Masers from wide range of binary and post-AGB objects are accessible to sensitive modern instruments, including energetic symbiotic systems. Masers have been detected up to THz frequencies withHerscheland ALMA's ability to resolve a wide range of maser and thermal lines will provide accurate constraints on physical conditions including during dust formation.

The contribution of countries and world regions in global CO2 emissions as an indicator of changes in the global geo-ecological panorama

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
D. L. Lopatnikov
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anthropogenic Co2 ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many ◽  
Long Term Trend

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are currently considered by the UN and other authoritative international organizations engaged in monitoring changes in the Earth’s biogeosphere as one of the main indicators of the global environmental situation. According to the official Doctrine of Sustainable Development, anthropogenic CO2 emissions are one of the main causes of global warming. The article examines the dynamics of CO2 emissions by countries and regions of the world from the 1970s to the 2010s. The correlation between the volume of CO2 emissions and changes in the overall territorial distribution of the world economy has been demonstrated. Over the past fifty years, the geography of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by countries and macro-regions of the world has changed dramatically. The share of the most economically developed countries in the volume of CO2 emissions has decreased. The main epicenter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions has shifted to the countries belonging to the semi-periphery of the world. The movement of the main foci of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on the world map reflects qualitative shifts in the global geoecological panorama over the past fifty years. The dynamics and spatial transformation of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is an illustration of the long-term trend of the change from negative to positive through the cycle of multidirectional shifts of one of the many ecologically significant processes on Earth.

Doha stalemate: The end of trade multilateralism?

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
VALBONA MUZAKA ◽  
MATTHEW LOUIS BISHOP
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trade Politics ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Many ◽  
Long Term Trend

AbstractThis article challenges conventional narratives that suggest that the travails in the Doha Round, the shift to bilateral free trade agreements, and the broader unfolding of the global crisis collectively presage the decline of either the WTO or the broader institution of multilateral trade. We question the extent to which recent trends can indeed be said to constitute a genuine crisis of trade multilateralism by reflecting upon the contradictory and ambiguous nature of the multilateralism of the past, and also upon how contemporary multilateralism has been framed with reference to it. Our main finding is that, in contrast to the many short and medium-term symptoms which tend to appear in the conventional story of multilateral decline, there is actually a far more worrying long-term trend which underpins the varied conflicts that characterise contemporary trade politics: the fundamental lack of a shared social purpose between the developed countries and the more powerful emerging countries on which a stable, equitable, and legitimate edifice of multilateral trade rules can be erected, institutionalised, and enhanced.

scholarly journals Marine algal flora of São Miguel Island, Azores

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana I Neto ◽  
Ignacio Moreu ◽  
Edgar Rosas Alquicira ◽  
Karla León-Cisneros ◽  
Eva Cacabelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Algae ◽  
New Records ◽  
Algal Flora ◽  
Eastern Group ◽  
The Past ◽  
Presence Data ◽  
Marine Algal ◽  
The Many ◽  
The University

The macroalgal flora of the Island of São Miguel (eastern group of the Azores Archipelago) has attracted the interest of many researchers in the past, the first publications going back to the nineteenth century. Initial studies were mainly taxonomic, resulting in the publication of a checklist of the Azorean benthic marine algae. Later, the establishment of the University of the Azores on the Island permitted the logistic conditions to develop both temporal studies and long-term research and this resulted in a significant increase on research directed at the benthic marine algae and littoral communities of the Island and consequent publications. Prior to the present paper, the known macroalgal flora of São Miguel Island comprised around 260 species. Despite this richness, a significant amount of the research was never made public, notably Masters and PhD theses encompassing information regarding presence data recorded at littoral and sublittoral levels down to a depth of approximately 40 m around the Island and the many collections made, which resulted in vouchers deposited in the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the LSM- Molecular Systematics Laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores. The present publication lists the macroalgal taxonomic records, together with information on their ecology and occurrence around São Miguel Island, improving the knowledge of the Azorean macroalgal flora at local and regional scales. A total of 12,781 specimens (including some identified only to genus) belonging to 431 taxa of macroalgae are registered, comprising 284 Rhodophyta, 59 Chlorophyta and 88 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Of these, 323 were identified to species level (212 Rhodophyta, 48 Chlorophyta and 63 Ochrophyta), of which 61 are new records for the Island (42 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta and 10 Ochrophyta), one an Azorean endemic (Predaea feldmannii subsp. azorica Gabriel), five are Macaronesian endemisms (the red algae Botryocladia macaronesica Afonso-Carrillo, Sobrino, Tittley & Neto, Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodríguez & Haroun, Millerella tinerfensis (Seoane-Camba) S.M.Boo & J.M.Rico, Phyllophora gelidioides P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Karsakoff and the green alga Codium elisabethiae O.C.Schmidt), 19 are introduced species (15 Rhodophyta, two Chlorophyta and two Ochrophyta) and 32 are of uncertain status (21 Rhodophyta, five Chlorophyta and six Ochrophyta).

Litigation and the consumer interest; the class action and beyond

Legal Studies ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. S. Tur
Keyword(s):  
Class Action ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Consumer Interest ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Many

The enjoyment of traditional as well as new social rights presupposes mechanisms for their effective protection. Such protection, moreover, is best assured by a workable remedy within the framework of the judicial system.[M. Cappelletti]Acts and regulations are of little value unless they are observed. A major cause of consumer weakness in the past has lain in the inadequate enforcement of the many laws in his favour. [Molony Report, 1962, para. 869]The statute book bears eloquent testimony that the law has been regarded as an appropriate vehicle for protecting the consuming public. The Molony Report, 1962, has borne much legislative fruit and, 20 years later, enthusiasm for legislation in the consumer interest does not appear to be waning.

scholarly journals How Does Meaning Come to Mind? Four Broad Principles of Semantic Processing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny M. Pexman
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Semantic Richness ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

When we see or hear a word, we can rapidly bring its meaning to mind. The process that underlies this ability is quite complex. Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made towards understanding this process. In this paper, I offer four broad principles of semantic processing derived from lexical-semantic research. The first principle is that the relationship between form and meaning is not so arbitrary and I explore that by describing efforts to understand the relationship between form and meaning, highlighting advances from my own lab on the topics of sound symbolism and iconicity. The second principle is that more is better and I summarize previous research on semantic richness effects, and how those effects reveal the nature of semantic representation. The third principle is the many and various properties of abstract concepts. I point to abstract meaning as a challenge for some theories of semantic representation. In response to that challenge, I outline what has been learned about how those meanings are acquired and represented. The fourth principle is that experience matters, and I summarize research on the dynamic and experience-driven nature of semantic processing, detailing ways in which processing is modified by both immediate and long-term context. Finally, I describe some next steps for lexical-semantic research.

scholarly journals Innovations in the sphere of public procurement in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 202-211
Author(s):  
M. Halushchak ◽  
O. Halushchak ◽  
T. Kuzhda
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Law ◽  
Procurement Procedure ◽  
The Right ◽  
Procurement Planning

Certain statements of the new edition of Ukraine Law «On Public Procurement» concerning the ability to establish more efficient system of disbursing public funds is analyzed. The introduction of simplified procurement under the law definitely contributes to savings, but the procedure of such procurement should be described more clearly, especially in terms of monitoring and appeal. The need for reporting on all concluded contracts from 1 kopeck is doubtful. In terms of innovations procurement planning, the emphasis is shifted from the annual plan as a whole towards its interpretation as a product of people's creativity. With a significant number of people involved in procurement processes, this results in random errors with unpredictable consequences. The scope of requirements for proposals from participants is expanded in the new version of the law, on the contrary to the expectations. Some of them seem to be irrelevant. Providing the opportunity to amend particular documents of the tender proposal is generally positive, but it would be more reasonable to expand the list of such documents and clarify the period of their refinement. It is determined that the updated law takes into account certain negative aspects of the past and defines the concept of abnormally low price giving the customer the right to apply the negotiated procurement procedure in case of termination of the contract due to the participant fault or in case of long-term appeals; the clearly reasons for increasing the price per unit after the contract conclusion in order to prevent the participants from deliberately dumping, groundless appeals, unreasonable demands to increase the price per unit. At the same time, there are certain comments for each of the above-mentioned innovations concerning the content and formulation, the expediency of exceptions from their actions. The new rules of the application of administrative responsibility to the employees who are responsible for public procurement are confusing. It is impossible to increase the efficiency of the system only by punitive measures on one side of the process. In order to achieve this goal, more substantial comprehensive revision of the law as a whole is required.

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