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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Sobin Sunny ◽  
Farah Naaz Fathima ◽  
Jiss Joy ◽  
Benjamin Leroy Passah ◽  
John Chiramel Thomas ◽  
...  

Introduction: The labor-intensive nature of cement brick manufacturing, its unorganized nature and internal migration, expose the employees to several occupational health hazards. The objective of the study was to assess the occupational risks in cement brick unit settings and to estimate the prevalence of respiratory and musculoskeletal morbidities among the cement brick unit workers in a rural area of Bangalore urban district. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among cement brick unit workers over two months. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to capture sociodemographic details. Multiple observations on the field and the World Health Organization semi-quantitative risk assessment matrix were used to obtain risk scores of the occupational hazards. A structured questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and Minispir Portable Spirometer were used to assess the respiratory morbidities and lung functions. Musculoskeletal morbidities were assessed using the Modified Nordic questionnaire. Proportions were used to describe respiratory and musculoskeletal morbidities. Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and multivariate logistic regressions were done to identify significant variables. Results: Among 120 subjects, 110 (91.6%) were men and 85.8% were migrants. Injury due to falls of heavy objects, back injury, respiratory complaints and slips/falls were found to be high-risk health hazards. The prevalence of respiratory morbidity was 21.7% and that of musculoskeletal morbidity was 51.7%. Workers receiving a higher salary (≥ 1500 Indian rupees) had higher odds of having respiratory morbidity. Conclusion: The prevalence of respiratory and musculoskeletal morbidities was high. Introduction of mechanical equipment, decreasing work hours, periodic medical examinations and appropriate use of personal protective equipment will help in risk reduction as per this study.


2021 ◽  
pp. 104973232110642
Author(s):  
Chelsi W Ohueri ◽  
Alexandra A. García ◽  
Julie A. Zuñiga

Approximately 10–15% of people living with HIV are also diagnosed with diabetes. To manage their two chronic conditions, people must undertake certain activities and adopt behaviors. Due to overlapping symptoms, complex medication regimens, and heavy patient workloads, implementing these self-management practices can be difficult. In this focused ethnography, data were collected from semi-structured interviews and limited participant-observation with a selected subset of participants to gain insight into self-management challenges and facilitators. We conducted interviews and multiple observations with 22 participants with HIV+T2DM over the period of 9 months. Participants experienced numerous barriers to self-management in the areas of diet, medication adherence, and mental health. Social and familial support, as well as consistent access to care, were facilitators for optimal self-management. At the same time participants’ lives were in a unique flux shaped by the dual diagnoses, and therefore, required constant mental and physical adjustments, thus illustrating challenges of managing chronicity.


Author(s):  
Pauline Sharmila

Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a structured competency based examination popularly used in examining the Medical and Nursing students. The clinical competence is evaluated by a team of examiners through uniformly timed, multiple stations. OSCE as an evaluation tool is gaining importance and it is becoming very popularly used by examiners all over the world as it is standardised and multiple observations and skills can be assessed equally for all the students in a single preparation. OSCE with its advantages like objectivity, tailored stations, safety of the patients and provision of audit and recording of the entire process has made it the most needed assessment of the skill component in most of the professional programmes concerning medical and nursing students.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Supp ◽  
Gil Bohrer ◽  
John Fieberg ◽  
Frank A. La Sorte

AbstractAs human and automated sensor networks collect increasingly massive volumes of animal observations, new opportunities have arisen to use these data to infer or track species movements. Sources of broad scale occurrence datasets include crowdsourced databases, such as eBird and iNaturalist, weather surveillance radars, and passive automated sensors including acoustic monitoring units and camera trap networks. Such data resources represent static observations, typically at the species level, at a given location. Nonetheless, by combining multiple observations across many locations and times it is possible to infer spatially continuous population-level movements. Population-level movement characterizes the aggregated movement of individuals comprising a population, such as range contractions, expansions, climate tracking, or migration, that can result from physical, behavioral, or demographic processes. A desire to model population movements from such forms of occurrence data has led to an evolving field that has created new analytical and statistical approaches that can account for spatial and temporal sampling bias in the observations. The insights generated from the growth of population-level movement research can complement the insights from focal tracking studies, and elucidate mechanisms driving changes in population distributions at potentially larger spatial and temporal scales. This review will summarize current broad-scale occurrence datasets, discuss the latest approaches for utilizing them in population-level movement analyses, and highlight studies where such analyses have provided ecological insights. We outline the conceptual approaches and common methodological steps to infer movements from spatially distributed occurrence data that currently exist for terrestrial animals, though similar approaches may be applicable to plants, freshwater, or marine organisms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma V. Brierley ◽  
Robert K. Semple

ABSTRACT One hundred years ago, insulin was purified and administered to people with diabetes to lower blood glucose, suppress ketogenesis and save lives. A century later, insulin resistance (IR) lies at the heart of the obesity-related disease pandemic. Multiple observations attest that IR syndrome is an amalgamation of gain and loss of insulin action, suggesting that IR is a misnomer. This misapprehension is reinforced by shortcomings in common model systems and is particularly pronounced for the tissue growth disorders associated with IR. It is necessary to move away from conceptualisation of IR as a pure state of impaired insulin action and to appreciate that, in the long term, insulin can harm as well as cure. The mixed state of gain and loss of insulin action, and its relationship to perturbed insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action, should be interrogated more fully in models recapitulating human disease. Only then may the potential of rebalancing insulin action, rather than simply increasing global insulin signalling, finally be appreciated.


Author(s):  
К.В. Шаталов

Разработаны новые робастные алгоритмы обработки результатов многократных измерений состава и свойств нефтепродуктов, учитывающие тот факт, что эмпирическая функция распределения результатов измерений состава и свойств нефтепродуктов представляет собой смесь двух нормальных распределений с разными значениями параметров положения и масштаба. В случае измерений состава и свойств нефтепродуктов в качестве робастных оценок параметра положения и параметра масштаба выборки предложено использовать М-оценки с предварительным масштабированием на основе модифицированной функции Хампеля. Для нахождения М-оценки предложены два итеративных способа вычисления на основе средневзвешенного метода наименьших квадратов, отличающиеся процедурами расчета начальных оценок параметров положения и масштаба выборки. При числе результатов в выборке более двадцати в качестве начальных значений параметров положения и масштаба целесообразно использовать α‑урезанное среднее и α‑урезанное стандартное отклонение с долей усечения 0,05. При числе результатов в выборке менее двадцати в качестве начальных значений параметра положения и параметра масштаба обоснованно использование робастных оценок, не требующих удаления части данных. В качестве начальной оценки параметра положения предложено использовать оценку Ходжеса – Лемана; в качестве параметра масштаба – медианы абсолютных разностей. Предложенные робастные алгоритмы могут быть использованы при обработке результатов эксперимента по определению показателей прецизионности, правильности и точности методик измерений состава и свойств нефтепродуктов, итогов межлабораторных сравнительных испытаний нефтепродуктов, расчете аттестованного значения стандартных образцов состава и свойств нефтепродуктов, а также в других случаях многократных наблюдений. New robust algorithms of treatment of the results of multiple measurements of composition and properties of petroleum products were developed in respect that empirical distribution function of the results of measurements of composition and properties of petroleum products are the mixture of two normal distributions with different values of position and scale parameters. In case of measurements of composition and properties of petroleum products it has been proposed to use M-estimator with pre-scaling based on modified Hampel function as robust estimators of position and scale parameters. To calculation M-estimator two iterative methods based on weighted average method of least squares were suggested which differs by procedures of initial estimators of position and scale parameters of sample. In case of more than twenty results in sample, it is expedient to apply α-truncated mean and α-truncated standard deviation with 0,05 truncation share as initial values of position and scale parameters. In case of less than twenty results in sample, it is reasonable to apply robust estimators as initial values of position and scale parameters, which don’t require removal of some part of the data. It was proposed to use Hodges-Lehmann estimator as an initial value of position parameter and median of absolute differences as a scale parameter. The proposed robust algorithms can be used in treatment of experiment results on determination of indexes of precision, trueness and accuracy of the methods of measurement of composition and properties of petroleum products; results of interlaboratory comparison tests of petroleum products; calculation of certified value of standard samples of composition and properties of petroleum products and in other cases of multiple observations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Jones ◽  
M. Wolff ◽  
M. Alshamsi ◽  
M. Osterloo ◽  
P. Bay ◽  
...  

AbstractThe Emirates Exploration Imager (EXI) on-board the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) offers both regional and global imaging capabilities for studies of the Martian atmosphere. EXI is a framing camera with a field-of-view (FOV) that will easily capture the martian disk at the EMM science orbit periapsis. EXI provides 6 bandpasses nominally centered on 220, 260, 320, 437, 546, 635 nm using two telescopes (ultraviolet (UV) and visible(VIS)) with separate optics and detectors. Images of the full-disk are acquired with a resolution of 2–4 km per pixel, where the variation is driven by periapsis and apoapsis points of the orbit, respectively. By combining multiple observations within an orbit with planetary rotation, EXI is able to provide diurnal sampling over most of the planet on the scale of 10 days. As a result, the EXI dataset allows for the delineation of diurnal and seasonal timescales in the behavior of atmospheric constituents such as water ice clouds and ozone.This combination of temporal and spatial distinguishes EXI from somewhat similar imaging systems, including the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) (Malin et al. in Icarus 194(2):501–512, 2008) and the various cameras on-board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST; e.g., James et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 101(E8):18,883–18,890, 1996; Wolff et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 104(E4):9027–9042, 1999). The former, which has comparable spatial and spectral coverage, possesses a limited local time view (e.g., mid-afternoon). The latter, which provides full-disk imaging, has limited spatial resolution through most of the Martian year and is only able to provide (at most) a few observations per year given its role as a dedicated, queue-based astrophysical observatory. In addition to these unique attributes of the EXI observations, the similarities with other missions allows for the leveraging of both past and concurrent observations. For example, with MARCI, one can build on the ∼6 Mars years of daily global UV images as well as those taken concurrently with EXI.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 6821-6833
Author(s):  
René Sedlak ◽  
Patrick Hannawald ◽  
Carsten Schmidt ◽  
Sabine Wüst ◽  
Michael Bittner ◽  
...  

Abstract. We analysed 286 nights of data from the OH* airglow imager FAIM 3 (Fast Airglow IMager) acquired at Otlica Observatory (45.93∘ N, 13.91∘ E), Slovenia, between 26 October 2017 and 6 June 2019. Measurements have been performed with a spatial resolution of 24 m per pixel and a temporal resolution of 2.8 s. A two-dimensional fast Fourier transform is applied to the image data to derive horizontal wavelengths between 48 m and 4.5 km in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (UMLT) region. In contrast to the statistics of larger-scale gravity waves (horizontal wavelength up to ca. 50 km; Hannawald et al., 2019), we find a more isotropic distribution of directions of propagation, pointing to the presence of wave structures created above the stratospheric wind fields. A weak seasonal tendency of a majority of waves propagating eastward during winter may be due to instability features from breaking secondary gravity waves that were created in the stratosphere. We also observe an increased southward propagation during summer, which we interpret as an enhanced contribution of secondary gravity waves created as a consequence of primary wave filtering by the meridional mesospheric circulation. We present multiple observations of turbulence episodes captured by our high-resolution airglow imager and estimated the energy dissipation rate in the UMLT from image sequences in 25 cases. Values range around 0.08 and 9.03 W kg−1 and are on average higher than those in recent literature. The values found here would lead to an approximated localized maximum heating of 0.03–3.02 K per turbulence event. These are in the same range as the daily chemical heating rates for the entire atmosphere reported by Marsh (2011), which apparently stresses the importance of dynamical energy conversion in the UMLT.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6794
Author(s):  
Benoit Dequick ◽  
Michel Lefebvre ◽  
Patrick Hendrick

At Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), research was performed on a 1 kN lab-scale Hybrid Rocket Motor (the ULB-HRM). It has a single-port solid paraffin fuel grain and uses liquid N2O as an oxidizer. The first Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the motor was developed in 2020 and improved in 2021, using ANSYS Fluent software. It is a 2D axisymmetric, two-phase steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model, which uses the average fuel and oxidizer mass flow rates as inputs. It includes oxidizer spray droplets and entrained fuel droplets, therefore adding many additional parameters compared to a single-phase model. It must be investigated how they affect the predicted operating conditions. In this article, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the model’s robustness. It is demonstrated that the CFD model performs well within the boundaries of its purpose, with average deviations between predicted and experimental values of about 1% for the chamber pressure and 5% for the thrust. From the sensitivity analysis, multiple observations and conclusions are made. An important observation is that oxidizer related parameters have the highest potential impact, introducing deviations of the predicted operating chamber pressure of up to 18%, while this is only about 6% for fuel-related parameters. In general, the baseline CFD model of the ULB-HRM seems quite insensitive and it does not suffer from an excessive or abnormal sensitivity to any of the major parameters. Furthermore, the predicted operating conditions seem to respond in a logical and coherent way to changing input parameters. The model therefore seems sufficiently reliable to be used for future qualitative and quantitative predictions of the performance of the ULB-HRM.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Shihu Liu

In the existing high-order fuzzy logical relationship (FLR) based forecasting model, each FLR is used to describe the association between multiple premise observations and a consequent observation. Therefore, these FLRs concentrate on the one-step-ahead forecasting. In real applications, there exist another kind of association: the association between multiple premise observations and multiple consequent observations. For such association, the existing FLRs can’t express and ignored. To depict it, the high-order multi-point association FLR is raised in this study. The antecedent and consequent of a high-order multi-point association FLR are consisted of multiple observations. Thus, the proposed FLR reflects the influence of multiple premise observations on the multiple consequent observations, and can be applied for multi-step-ahead forecasting with no cumulative errors. On the basis of high-order multi-point association FLR, the high-order multi-point trend association FLR is constructed, it describes the trend association in time series. By using these two new kinds of FLRs, a fuzzy time series based multi-step-ahead forecasting model is established. In this model, the multi-point (trend) association FLRs effective in capturing the associations of time series and improving forecasting accuracy. The benefits of the proposed FLRs and the superior performance of the established forecasting model are demonstrated through the experimental analysis.


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