The reflection of the pandemic experience in contagion (an operant conditioning theory criticism)

This study aims to analyze the reflection on the pandemic circumstances and on the attempts to solve such turmoil as portrayed in the film entitled Contagion. As a sort of literary criticism, this study is qualitative in design. Data collection deals with the use of transcript of the speeches and actions of the characters in particular scenes and certain minutes. For data analysis, this study applies a kind of psychological approach especially Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory as means of doing the analytical criticism on the film. The analysis results in the findings such as Contagion illustrates the occurrence of the pandemic as indicated by the presence of the pandemic, its victim and spread. Further, the study also reveals that solution for the pandemic can be performed by the government, society, and individual. This study seems to be significant to inspire and encourage solution for the current pandemic condition.

Post Pandemic Consumer Behavior: Conceptual Framework

Theories on consumer behavioral change emerged from the study of psychology and later used on consumer behaviors. Behaviorists believe that human behaviors can change from stimulus and responses based on the theories developed by Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike, and many others. In this paper, the COVID-19 pandemic has forced many countries to take actions such as restricting people movement, providing economic stimulus to push the economy back up, and enforcing social distancing rules and alike to flatten the pandemic curve. The study envisioned that all the actions taken by the government, especially in the context of Malaysia, as stimulus that create positive and negative responses from the learning consumers. The study emulates the operant conditioning theory and proposes four different types of behavior categories that arises from the pandemic. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework of the market segmentation arising from COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology used by the study is based from the literature search and secondary data to come out with the suggested framework. The expected findings of the study are the four segments of the consumers based on their behavioral reactions post pandemic. The four segments are the back to square one, new normal, moderately new norm, and recycle consumer groups. Their preferences, needs, and wants can change the landscape of how market can be segmented apart from how business should react towards the changes in the future. Policy could be developed in terms of promoting the new norms behavior to overcome COVID-19 problems and future outbreaks as well as to ensure that Malaysia can be accommodative to the industrial revolution 4.0. Future research should be conducted to replicate the framework in different contexts and industries.

TEORI CONTIGUOUS CONDITIONING EDWIN RAY GUTHRIE DAN PENERAPANNYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PAI DI SEKOLAH

This article aims to describe the contiguous conditioning theory and its application in Islamic religious education in schools. Contiguous conditioning theory has the meaning of the closeness of conditions that occur based on the relationship between the stimulus and the relevant response. The method used in this research is literature study where the author tries to find, compile and analyze various information through various related sources. The results of this study explain that learning is a process of change that occurs due to conditions which then cause a reaction (response). Some aspects that cannot be separated from this theory are forgetting, punishment, encouragement, intention, and transfer training. Edwin Ray Guthrie came up with three methods that can be used to change habitual behavior, namely the Threshold Method, the Fatigue Method, and the Incompatible Response Method. These three methods can be used by Islamic Education teachers in implementing their learning in the classroom. The positive contribution of this article informs that the contiguous conditioning theory is very suitable to be applied to develop students' abilities both from the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. One way for this theory to work optimally is that the teacher must use interesting learning methods or strategies.

KARAWITAN MURYORARAS: SEBAGAI REPRESENTASI KONSEP SPIRITUAL KEJAWEN.

This research describes the presentation of Karawitan Muryoraras in the context of culture and the belief system of the society. Besides that, the research describes the system of the presentation concept Muryoraras as ritual art. The data analysis is based on two theories namely the mythical aesthetic by Jacob Soemardjo and the theory of conditioning by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Based on the mythical aesthetic the relationship between the object art with culture and the belief system of society will be explained systematically. At this moment the analysis of the working system of the Muryoraras presentation concept is based on the conditioning theory that includes the process of stimulation and behavioral response. The Author uses qualitative research methods with ethnomusicological approach to trace deeper relationship between Karawitan Muryoraras and culture as well as belief system of the society. The data collection is done by measurable steps like: observation, interviews, documentation, and audio-visual materials. Then analyzed by several stages such as organizing them the data being examined can be verified. The results show that conceptually the presentation of Karawitan Muryoraras is a representative media of various cultural values of Java and the teaching of Kejawen as belief system of the society. Furthermore, the conceptual framework of hepresentation is applied to the working system of conditioning which is devided into two stages namely the stages of formation and reinforcement through various presenting rules.Keywords: Muryoraras, Representation, Kejawen.AbstrakPenelitian ini menjelaskan mengenai penyajian karawitan Muryoraras dalam konteks budaya dan sistem kepercayaan masyarakatnya. Selain itu penelitian ini juga menjelaskan tentang sistem kerja konsep penyajian Muryoraras sebagai seni ritual. Analisis data didasarkan pada dua teori yaitu estetika mitis Jacob Soemardjo dan teori pengkondisian Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Bedasarkan estetika mitis, hubungan antara objek seni dengan budaya dan sistem kepercayaan masyarakatnya dapat dijelaskan dengan sistematis. Sementara analisis sistem kerja konsep penyajian Muryoraras didasarkan pada teori pengkondisian yang mencakup proses pemberian stimulus dan respon perilaku. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnomusikologis guna menelusuri lebih dalam hubungan antara karawitan Muryoraras dengan budaya serta sistem kepercayaan masyarakatnya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah yang terukur di antaranya: observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan bahan audio visual. Kemudian dianalisis dengan beberapa tahap seperti mengorganisasikan data, membuat memo, pembentukan kode, menafsirkan data, menyajikan, dan memvisualisasikan data, sehingga data yang diteliti dapat dibuktikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara konseptual penyajian karawitan Muryoraras merupakan media representasi berbagai nilai budaya Jawa dan ajaran Kejawen sebagai sistem kepercayaan masyaraktnya. Selanjutnya, kerangka konseptual penyajian tersebut diaplikasikan dengan sistem kerja pengkondisian yang terbagi dalam dua tahapan yaitu tahapan pembentukan dan penguatan melalui berbagai macam tatacara penyajiannya.

Eliciting motor responses through pavlovian conditioning

Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behaviour through the process of association. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a newly learned response in a person or animal. It is the process of associating, and consequently, providing meaning to a neutral stimulus with another meaningful stimulus, in order to elicit similar response and the basic processes that occur in classical conditioning include acquisition, stimulus generalisation, stimulus discrimination, and extinction. It is, in fact, no doubt that Pavlovian theory is also known as the theory of classical conditioning has an impeccable illustration of associative learning, this paper attempts to depict its application to learning motor skills as well as to critically evaluate its influence in sports.