scholarly journals learning colour words is slow: a cross-situational learning account

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
paul vogt ◽  
andrew d. m. smith
Keyword(s):  
Child Language ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Fast Learning ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Situational Learning

research into child language reveals that it takes a long time for children to learn the correct mapping of colour words. steels & belpaeme's (s&b's) guessing game, however, models fast learning of words. we discuss computational studies based on cross-situational learning, which yield results that are more consistent with the empirical child language data than those obtained by s&b.

Machine-Scored Syntax: Comparison of the CLAN Automatic Scoring Program to Manual Scoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-493
Author(s):  
Jenny A. Roberts ◽  
Evelyn P. Altenberg ◽  
Madison Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Absolute Point ◽  
Language Analysis ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Report Accuracy ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Automatic Scoring

Purpose The results of automatic machine scoring of the Index of Productive Syntax from the Computerized Language ANalysis (CLAN) tools of the Child Language Data Exchange System of TalkBank (MacWhinney, 2000) were compared to manual scoring to determine the accuracy of the machine-scored method. Method Twenty transcripts of 10 children from archival data of the Weismer Corpus from the Child Language Data Exchange System at 30 and 42 months were examined. Measures of absolute point difference and point-to-point accuracy were compared, as well as points erroneously given and missed. Two new measures for evaluating automatic scoring of the Index of Productive Syntax were introduced: Machine Item Accuracy (MIA) and Cascade Failure Rate— these measures further analyze points erroneously given and missed. Differences in total scores, subscale scores, and individual structures were also reported. Results Mean absolute point difference between machine and hand scoring was 3.65, point-to-point agreement was 72.6%, and MIA was 74.9%. There were large differences in subscales, with Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase subscales generally providing greater accuracy and agreement than Question/Negation and Sentence Structures subscales. There were significantly more erroneous than missed items in machine scoring, attributed to problems of mistagging of elements, imprecise search patterns, and other errors. Cascade failure resulted in an average of 4.65 points lost per transcript. Conclusions The CLAN program showed relatively inaccurate outcomes in comparison to manual scoring on both traditional and new measures of accuracy. Recommendations for improvement of the program include accounting for second exemplar violations and applying cascaded credit, among other suggestions. It was proposed that research on machine-scored syntax routinely report accuracy measures detailing erroneous and missed scores, including MIA, so that researchers and clinicians are aware of the limitations of a machine-scoring program. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11984364

scholarly journals Impact of Deuteration and Temperature on Furan Ring Dynamics

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2889
Author(s):  
Przemyslaw Dopieralski ◽  
Iryna V. Omelchenko ◽  
Zdzislaw Latajka
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Furan Ring ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Cyclic Molecules ◽  
Ring Dynamics ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Shape And Size

Despite significant progress in conformational analysis of cyclic molecules, the number of computational studies is still limited while most of that available in the literature data have been obtained long time ago with outdated methods. In present research, we have studied temperature driven conformational changes of the furan ring at three different temperatures. Additionally, the effect of deuteration on the ring dynamics is discussed; in addition, the aromaticity indices following the Bird and HOMA schemes are computed along all trajectories. Our ab initio molecular dynamic simulations revealed that deuteration has changed the furan ring dynamics and the obvious consequences; in addition, the shape and size of molecule are expected to be different.

scholarly journals The expression and change of giving directives in the language of pre-school children

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Jolita Ančlauskaitė
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Work Material ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Academic Year

It is stated that children in their speech master directives at their earliest age and they use them the most frequently. However, it is currently unknown how these directives develop in the Lithuanian language and how their expression changes when a child grows up. This article investigates the change in the number and expression of directives during child’s raising, and what their differences emerge individually by comparing the speech of girls and boys. It is expected that the analysis conducted during the work will contribute to the studies of children’s pragmatic competence in Lithuania, i.e. to establish the most common characteristics typical to the directives used by children, by comparing the directives used by pre-school children at the beginning of the academic year and in its end in order to identify the differences and how children’s speech changes when more intensive formal education starts. The paper involves the gender dimension by expecting that differences in the language may be also envisaged between girls and boys. The object of this paper is directives used in spontaneous dialogues of pre-school children. The work material consists of 12 children’s dialogues, which have been transcribed and encoded morphologically by Software CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System). The following methods were applied during the work: 1) Cross-sectional (by sampling the subjects and gathering the work material); 2) Linguistic text corpora (by filing and analysing a child language text by Software CHILDES); 3) Comparative (by comparing: a) Data of the speech of girls and boys; b) Data of the speech of five-year-olds and six-year-olds). After summarising the results of this research, it might be stated that even pre-school children can use different forms of directive types. As it was expected, more difficult constructions and forms develop by experiencing more different situations, what is seen when the stages change (at the beginning and in the end of the study). The gender dimension highlighted in the study suggests that considerable differences were not identified, and most cases reported indicate more common charcteristics.

Representing representative child language data

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (42-43) ◽  
pp. 343-344
Author(s):  
Khurshid Ahmad ◽  
John Wright
Keyword(s):  
Child Language ◽  
Language Data

The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk: Vol. 1. Transcription format and programs; Vol. 2. The database (3rd ed.). B. MacWhinney. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000. Pp. 366 (Vol. 1); Pp. 418 (Vol. 2).

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-306
Author(s):  
Diane E. Beals
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Child Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Language Analysis ◽  
Language Data ◽  
User Friendly

Since the late 1980s, the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) has defined the state of the art of collection, analysis, archiving, and data sharing of transcriptions of children's language. Starting from scratch in 1987, Brian MacWhinney, along with many other leaders in child language, developed highly useful tools for the computerization of transcripts and their analysis. I have used the transcription conventions and analysis programs since 1989 and have seen the system evolve from a simple DOS-based program to one that handles much broader and more complex analyses within more user-friendly Windows and Macintosh platforms. This latest (third) edition of the manual that accompanies the CHILDES system reflects a more stable version of the Conventions for Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT) and Child Language Analysis (CLAN) programs than prior editions, which felt like works in progress. This version is written as a finished product with procedures and programs that have settled down into stable patterns of operation.

Computer methods in child language research: four principles for the use of archived data

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Child Language ◽  
Computer Search ◽  
Minimum Bias ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Computer Methods ◽  
Data Comparability ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Archived Data

ABSTRACTWith the increasing use of computers in language research, there is a need for caution concerning several new issues of data accountability. This paper presents four principles for archive-based language research: Maximum Readability and Minimum Bias; Consistent Encoding for exhaustive computer search; Systematic Contrastiveness; and Data Comparability in elicitation, transcription and coding. These and related principles are illustrated by examples from existing computer archives, and strategies are suggested for minimizing detrimental effects of violations. Finally, the paper describes some implications of the principles for properties of a field-wide and international standard of transcription of language data.

The acquisition of compounds in Lithuanian

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 51-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ineta Dabašinskienė
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Verb Inflection ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Marked Preference ◽  
Noun Compounds

This study analyzes longitudinal data of two Lithuanian children, a boy and a girl, with the aim of investigating children’s ability to produce compounds. In contrast to such languages as German or English, Lithuanian does not show a marked preference for noun-compounding. It is not surprising, then that compounds in the analyzed child language data appear quite rarely, although in Lithuanian compounding is a productive pattern of word formation. The analysis of the data shows that compounds emerge quite early as pure imitations of adult utterances; however, even in later stages of language acquisition, when used spontaneously, they occur mostly as lexicalized items. Our data show that the first compounds appear after the emergence of noun and verb inflection and diminutives. These first compounds belong to the type of subordinate, endocentric two-member noun+noun compounds without interfixes.  

The child language data exchange system

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian MacWhinney ◽  
Catherine Snow
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Child Language ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Share Data ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Family Setting ◽  
Dissemination Of Technology

ABSTRACTThe study of language acquisition underwent a major revolution in the late 1950s as a result of the dissemination of technology permitting high-quality tape-recording of children in the family setting. This new technology led to major breakthroughs in the quality of both data and theory. The field is now at the threshold of a possible second major breakthrough stimulated by the dissemination of personal computing. Researchers are now able to transcribe tape-recorded data into computer files. With this new medium it is easy to conduct global searches for word combinations across collections of files. It is also possible to enter new codings of the basic text line. Because of the speed and accuracy with which computer files can be copied, it is now much easier to share data between researchers. To foster this sharing of computerized data, a group of child language researchers has established the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES). This article details the formation of the CHILDES, the governance of the system, the nature of the database, the shape of the coding conventions, and the types of computer programs being developed.

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