Naturally nested, but why dual process?

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Newell ◽  
Brett Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Base Rate ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Base Rate Neglect

AbstractThe article by Barbey & Sloman (B&S) provides a valuable framework for integrating research on base-rate neglect and respect. The theoretical arguments and data supporting the nested set model are persuasive. But we found the dual-process account to be under-specified and less compelling. Our concerns are based on (a) inconsistencies within the literature cited by B&S, and (b) studies of base-rate neglect in categorization.

Base-rate respect meets affect neglect

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-286
Author(s):  
Paul Whitney ◽  
John M. Hinson ◽  
Allison L. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Affective Influences

AbstractWhile improving the theoretical account of base-rate neglect, Barbey & Sloman's (B&S's) target article suffers from affect neglect by failing to consider the fundamental role of emotional processes in “real world” decisions. We illustrate how affective influences are fundamental to decision making, and discuss how the dual process model can be a useful framework for understanding hot and cold cognition in reasoning.

Dual-processing explains base-rate neglect, but which dual-process theory and how?

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan St. B. T. Evans ◽  
Shira Elqayam
Keyword(s):  
Base Rate ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Theory ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Dual Processing ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Set Relations

AbstractWe agree that current evolutionary accounts of base-rate neglect are unparsimonious, but we dispute the authors' account of the effect in terms of parallel associative and rule-based processes. We also question their assumption that cueing of nested set relations facilitates performance due to recruitment of explicit reasoning processes. In our account, such reasoning is always involved, but usually unsuccessful.

scholarly journals Base-rate respect: From ecological rationality to dual processes

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aron K. Barbey ◽  
Steven A. Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Ecological Rationality ◽  
Dual Processes ◽  
Conceptual Coherence ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Nested Sets ◽  
Human Rationality

AbstractThe phenomenon of base-rate neglect has elicited much debate. One arena of debate concerns how people make judgments under conditions of uncertainty. Another more controversial arena concerns human rationality. In this target article, we attempt to unpack the perspectives in the literature on both kinds of issues and evaluate their ability to explain existing data and their conceptual coherence. From this evaluation we conclude that the best account of the data should be framed in terms of a dual-process model of judgment, which attributes base-rate neglect to associative judgment strategies that fail to adequately represent the set structure of the problem. Base-rate neglect is reduced when problems are presented in a format that affords accurate representation in terms of nested sets of individuals.

scholarly journals Is Automation of Statistical Reasoning a Suitable Mindware in a Base-Rate Neglect Task?

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-466
Author(s):  
Klara Rapan ◽  
Pavle Valerjev
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Conflict Detection ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Statistical Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Task Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Until recently, studies within the dual-process approach were mainly focused on group differences in processing, and individual differences were neglected. However, individual differences have proven to be a significant factor in conflict detection efficiency and the overall success in base-rate neglect and similar tasks. This should be taken into consideration within the framework of the Hybrid Model of Dual Processing. New tendencies in the development of this model have focused attention on the degree of mindware instantiation as a predictor of base-rate neglect task efficiency. This study aimed to examine the relationship between mindware and base-rate neglect task efficiency and to test and explore the relationship between base-rate response frequency and conflict detection efficiency and the degree of mindware instantiation. All participants solved base-rate neglect tasks, made judgments of confidence in their responses, and solved the Statistical Reasoning Test, Cognitive Reflection Test and Numeracy Scale. We used the Statistical Reasoning Test as a measure of mindware instantiation. The degree of mindware instantiation was found to be the only significant predictor of base-rate neglect task efficiency and the results showed that participants with a higher degree of mindware instantiation generally made more base-rate responses. No correlation was found between the degree of mindware instantiation and conflict detection efficiency. These findings support the hypothesis that the power of logical intuition depends on the individual’s degree of mindware instantiation. Therefore, the results of this research indicate the importance of further research into the role of statistical reasoning in base-rate neglect task efficiency. However, we discuss that there are some methodological limitations in this research which might explain why the degree of mindware instantiation had no relationship with conflict efficiency.

BASE RATE NEGLECT FOR THE WEALTH OF INTERACTING PEOPLE

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 607-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIEMO URBIG
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Rate Information

Previous research investigating base rate neglect as a bias in human information processing has focused on isolated individuals. This study complements this research by showing that in settings of interacting individuals, especially in settings of social learning, where individuals can learn from one another, base rate neglect can increase a population's welfare. This study further supports the research arguing that a population with members biased by neglecting base rates does not need to perform worse than a population with unbiased members. Adapting the model of social learning suggested by Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch (The Journal of Political Economy100 (1992) 992–1026) and including base rates that differ from generic cases such as 50–50, conditions are identified that make underweighting base rate information increasing the population's welfare. The base rate neglect can start a social learning process that otherwise had not been started and thus base rate neglect can generate positive externalities improving a population's welfare.

scholarly journals Model-based fMRI reveals dissimilarity processes underlying base rate neglect

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean R O'Bryan ◽  
Darrell A Worthy ◽  
Evan J Livesey ◽  
Tyler Davis
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
Rare Category

Extensive evidence suggests that people use base rate information inconsistently in decision making. A classic example is the inverse base rate effect (IBRE), whereby participants classify ambiguous stimuli sharing features of both common and rare categories as members of the rare category. Computational models of the IBRE have either posited that it arises from associative similarity-based mechanisms or dissimilarity-based processes that may depend upon higher-level inference. Here we develop a hybrid model, which posits that similarity- and dissimilarity-based evidence both contribute to the IBRE, and test it using functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected from human subjects completing an IBRE task. Consistent with our model, multivoxel pattern analysis reveals that activation patterns on ambiguous test trials contain information consistent with dissimilarity-based processing. Further, trial-by-trial activation in left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex tracks model-based predictions for dissimilarity-based processing, consistent with theories positing a role for higher-level symbolic processing in the IBRE.

scholarly journals Expanding the Weighted Updating Model

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Aaron Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Bayesian Updating ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Availability Heuristic ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Attribution Bias

This work casts light upon a pair of restrictions inherent to the basic weighted updating model, which is a generalization of Bayesian updating that allows for biased learning. Relaxing the restrictions allows for the study of individuals who discriminate between observations or who treat information in a dynamically inconsistent manner. These generalizations augment the set of cognitive biases that can be studied using new versions of the weighted updating model to include the availability heuristic, order effects, self-attribution bias, and base-rate neglect in light of irrelevant information.

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