scholarly journals Contention and Compromise: a Comparative Analysis of Budgetary Politics

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Cusack
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Behavioral Theory ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Budgetary Process ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Budgetary Politics ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Reconciliation Process

ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to place the role of defense spending within the overall context of the budgetary process. Using an extended version of the ‘Competing Aspirations Level Model’ based on the behavioral theory of decision-making, major budgetary aggregates, total spending, defense spending, exhaustive civilian expenditures, and capital outlays, are modelled as outcomes of independently generated aspirations, based on parochial organizational and environmental influences, and a reconciliation process reflecting the bargaining power of budgetary agents. An empirical assessment of the model's performance is conducted using the experience of thirteen national governments, including seven western industrialized states and six developing states. The results of this statistical analysis suggest that the model provides a useful basis for understanding and comparing budgetary processes and outcomes.

Towards Coherent European Crime Victims Policies and Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-127
Author(s):  
Dobrinka Chankova ◽  
Gergana Georgieva
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Victim Protection ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Protection Order ◽  
Practical Recommendations ◽  
Policies And Practices

Abstract This study explores the latest developments on the European scale of the policies and practices towards victims of crime. Due to many economic and political factors a lot of people are in movement and exposed to the risk of becoming victims of crime. During the last decade the statistics already records enhanced victimization of the global European society. These have provoked numerous legislative actions and practical initiatives in order to ensure safety, to prevent falling victims to crime and to protect better victim’s rights and needs. The European Protection Order Directive, Victims’ Directive and Convention against domestic violence, are among the most advanced legal acts worldwide. However, it is observed that their implementation in Europe is asymmetric and sometimes problematic. This paper explores the role of the national governments and specialized agencies and mainly the deficits in their activities leading to the non-usage of victims of all the existing opportunities. The newest supra-national acts aiming at the acceleration of transposition and ratification of these important for the building of victim-friendly environment documents, are discussed. Practical recommendations for a more effective victim protection are developed.

scholarly journals Inequality between capital and labour and among wage-earners: the role of collective bargaining and trade unions

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Maarten Keune
Keyword(s):  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Union Density ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Union Bargaining Power ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
The Relationship

In the context of rising inequality between capital and labour and among wage-earners in Europe, this state-of-the-art article reviews the literature concerning the relationship between collective bargaining and inequality. It focuses on two main questions: (i) what is the relationship between collective bargaining, union bargaining power and inequality between capital and labour? and (ii) what is the relationship between collective bargaining, union bargaining power and wage inequality among wage-earners? Both questions are discussed in general terms and for single- and multi-employer bargaining systems. It is argued that collective bargaining coverage and union density are negatively related to both types of inequality. These relationships are however qualified by four additional factors: who unions represent, the weight of union objectives other than wages, the statutory minimum wage, and extensions of collective agreements by governments.

scholarly journals ВПЛИВ ГРОШОВОЇ РЕФОРМИ 1920-х РОКІВ НА БЮДЖЕТНІ ВІДНОСИНИ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ СРР

2014 ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
О. В. Чеберяко
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Budgetary Process ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Fixed Budget ◽  
Monetary Unit ◽  
State And Local

Становлення та функціонування радянської бю-джетної системи в УСРР у 1920-ті рр. було немож-ливим без грошової реформи, а її здійснення у 1922–1924 рр. сприяло організаційно-функціональному впо-рядкуванню бюджетної системи, формуванню ста-лих показників дохідної і видаткової частин держав-ного та місцевих бюджетів, інакше – так званоготвердого бюджету. Показано, що під кутом зорубюджетного фінансування основне навантаженняпротягом 1921–1924 рр. узяв на себе радянський знак,тобто гроші державної скарбниці. Радянський знакнавіть охороняв червінець від знецінення в період йо-го запровадження як нової грошової одиниці. Тому,визначаючи вплив грошової реформи на бюджетнийпроцес, слід брати до уваги всі стадії грошової рефо-рми та співвідношення довоєнного рубля й так звано-го товарного, умовного золотого рубля. В умовахутвердження твердої валюти – червінця – для стабі-лізації бюджетної системи і бюджетних відносинважливо було запобігти знеціненню, унеможливитивід ролі емісійного засобу. Для цього необхідно булоуникати емісії в бюджетних доходах, економно ви-користовувати бюджетні видатки, відповідальноставитися до бюджетного планування, ретельнорозглядати фінансові джерела. Formation and functioning of the soviet budgetary system in Ukrainian SSR in the 1920th was impossible without monetary reform, and the realization of this reform in 1922-1924 promoted to organizationally - functional arrangement of the budgetary system, forming of permanent indexes of profitable and expendable parts, state and local budgets, that the so-called fixed budget. It is shown that from the point of view of the budgetary financing, a soviet banknote («sovznak»), that is money of treasury, undertook the basic load during 1921–1924. A soviet banknote even guarded tchervonets from depreciation in the period of introduction as new monetary unit. Therefore, determining influence of monetary reform on a budgetary process, it should to take into account all stages of monetary reform and correlation of pre-war rouble of and so called trade, conditional gold rouble. In the conditions of statement of fixed currency – tchervonets – for stabilizing the budgetary system and budgetary relations it was important to protect tchervonets from depreciation, to prevent the role of emission mean. It was necessary to avoid emission in budgetary profits, to use budgetary expenditures economically, to plan the budget responsibly, to consider financial sources carefully.

scholarly journals Examining the Role of Economic Actors in Post-war Reintegration Processes: Case of Sierra Leone.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 158-167
Author(s):  
MaryAnne Iwara
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Social Contracts ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Aid Dependency ◽  
Post War ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
National Governments

This paper examines post-conflict peacebuilding activities in Sierra Leone by critically looking at the role of economic actors in the reintegration process of its post-war Disarmament Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) initiative. The civil war that lasted for 11 years in Sierra Leone, put doubts on the national governments ability to effectively provide both victims and perpetuators, the necessary protection and assistance needed to fully assume responsibilities within the communities. Because of this, poverty was further entrenched, thereby increasing the countries susceptibility to return to conflict. Though reintegration processes are continuous, integrative and involve exhaustive budgetary commitments, the process, in Sierra Leone was short-termed, not well coordinated and took time to begin delivering. With the United Nations, World Bank and the weak national government leading the process, financing was often insufficient or late, in combination with the lack of a coherent planning strategy; all these factors contributed to lapses in socio-economic profiling, skills and vocational training and spread disillusionment and resentment among ex-combatants and victims. Using content analysis, the paper argues that, post-war countries need active, equitable and profitable economic sectors if they are to graduate from conflict and from post-conflict aid-dependency. Moreover, as social contracts and corporate social responsibility to communities they govern and operate in, economic actors must create enabling environments and, generate jobs to support legitimate local capacities. The utility of this paper lies in the idea that for any post-conflict country to attain long-term social and economic development, reintegration programme design and activities, must holistically incorporate critical economic actors.  

Initiating Negotiations: The Role of Machiavellianism, Risk Propensity, and Bargaining Power

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1081-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Kapoutsis ◽  
Roger J. Volkema ◽  
Andreas G. Nikolopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Risk Propensity

Radiation Damage in NaCI: Calculations with an Extended Jain-Lidiard Model

1992 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim J. Soppe ◽  
J. Prij
Keyword(s):  
Rock Salt ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Salt Formation ◽  
Mole Percent ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Nucleation Stage ◽  
Defect Centers ◽  
Waste Repository ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTThe colloid growth due to irradiation in a rock salt formation is calculated with an extended version of the Jain-Lidiard model. The extensions of the model comprise a description of the nucleation stage of the colloids and the role of impurities on the formation of defect centers. Results of model calculations are shown for a representative design for a high-level radioactive waste repository in a rock salt formation. It is concluded that it is unlikely that, near the waste containers, the fraction of NaCl that will be converted to metallic Na and molecular Cl centers will exceed a few mole percent.

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