Race, Space, and the Malayan Emergency: Expelling Malay Muslim Communism and Reconstituting Malaya's Racial State, 1945–1954

Itinerario ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Amrita Malhi
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
New Politics ◽  
Racial Conflict ◽  
British Colony ◽  
Malayan Emergency ◽  
Second World

ABSTRACT This article analyses the physical and discursive displacement of Malay Muslim advocates of a cosmopolitan and multiracial form of Malayan citizenship from the arena of “legitimate” national politics between the Second World War and the mid-1950s. It discusses the trajectory of the Malayan Left during this period, with a special focus on the work of Abdullah C. D., a Malay Muslim leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). Abdullah's work included helping to build the Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya (PKMM) under the MCP's United Front strategy from 1945, creating the MCP's Department of Malay Work in 1946, and establishing the Tenth Regiment of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) in 1949. This work was essential to the MCP's outreach to Malay Muslims after Malaya's failed national revolution, which collapsed into racial conflict without achieving independence for the British colony. The Malayan Emergency was declared in 1948, and its military and social campaigns eliminated or displaced the MCP's leadership and much of the MNLA, including Abdullah and the rest of the Tenth Regiment, to Thailand by 1954. Despite his continued engagement with political movements in Malaya, Abdullah's vision for a new politics for Malay Muslims was effectively displaced into the realm of nostalgia. His ideas, outlined in MNLA pamphlets and periodicals like Tauladan (Exemplar), never made significant inroads in Malaya, whose racial state the Emergency re-established, using race to manage the threat to its interests posed by leftist politics.

scholarly journals SPIRITS, POWER AND THE POLITICAL IMAGINATION IN LATE-COLONIAL GABON

Africa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Cinnamon
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Political Imagination ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Second World

ABSTRACTThrough narratives of an anti-‘fetish’ movement that swept through north-eastern Gabon in the mid-1950s, the present article traces the contours of converging political and religious imaginations in that country in the years preceding independence. Fang speakers in the region make explicit connections between the arrival of post-Second World War electoral politics, the anti-fetish movements, and perceptions of political weakening and marginalization of their region on the eve of independence. Rival politicians and the colonial administration played key roles in the movement, which brought in a Congolese ritual expert, Emane Boncoeur, and his two powerful spirits, Mademoiselle and Mimbare. These spirits, later recuperated in a wide range of healing practices, continue to operate today throughout northern Gabon and Rio Muni. In local imaginaries, these spirits played central roles in the birth of both regional and national politics, paradoxically strengthening the colonial administration and Gabonese auxiliaries in an era of pre-independence liberalization. Thus, regional political events in the 1950s rehearsed later configurations of power, including presidential politics, on the national stage.

Beyond the Railway

2020 ◽  
pp. 215-244
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

This concluding chapter provides a summary of the discoveries of the Great Arab Revolt Project (GARP) from the conflict landscape of the Hejaz Railway. A decade in the desert revealed the anthropological archaeology of the Arab Revolt of 1916–18 to be more than the excavation of historically recent places or the survey of ruinous station buildings. It was rather an interdisciplinary study of the railway’s heritage from 1900 to the present, its role as a catalyst in creating a unique conflict landscape, and its intriguing relationships with earlier Hajj routes. The railway was also entangled with the beginnings of modern guerrilla warfare, the creation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and a complex and sometimes volatile mix of traditional Bedouin culture, modernity, religion, and local and national politics. Furthermore, the Revolt itself was embedded in the wider regional and geo-political framework of the First World War and its many aftermaths: the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; the creation of the modern Middle East; the rise of Arab Nationalism; the Second World War; the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq; the destructive legacy of the Islamic State’s short-lived Caliphate announced in 2014; and Syria’s descent into a tortuous and tragic civil war.

ISTRIA’S ARTISTIC AND SPIRITUAL HERITAGE IN ABEYANCE: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND CULTURAL COMMUNITY RIGHTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-241
Author(s):  
Francesca Fiorentini ◽  
Andrzej Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Fundamental Issue ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Community Rights ◽  
Current Controversy ◽  
Second World

This article deals with the contested status of two groups of cultural objects – a collection of priceless artworks, and fifteen church bells – originating from Istria, precisely from the present-day territory of the Slovenian and Croatian Littorals, and preserved in Italy since the turbulent, tragic times of the Second World War. It argues that the ownership title to such objects does not lie at the centre of the current controversy between Slovenia (and potentially Croatia) and Italy. Instead, it seems that the fundamental issue in this regard refers to the recognition and realization of cultural community rights to such heritage, affected by political, territorial and ethnic transformations. This article discusses various international legal regimes that might be applicable in this case of Istria’s contested cultural heritage, with special focus on the enhancement of cultural human rights and international cultural cooperation. It also touches upon the concept of procedural justice, built on the principles of participation, voice and transparency, which are perceived as crucial in negotiating and managing cultural heritage matters and controversies.

Media memorial discourses and memory struggles in Slovenia: Transforming memories of the Second World War and Yugoslavia

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-450
Author(s):  
Maruša Pušnik
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
The Common ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The radical break between two national contexts in 1991, when Slovenia seceded from Yugoslavia, and Slovenia’s integration into the European Union in 2004, has brought changes to the collective memory of the Slovenian nation. In this article, I investigate how Delo, a major Slovenian daily newspaper, has been involved in memory struggles to present new memorial discourses that are in accordance with the new national politics. A large part of the common Yugoslav past has been reinvented for the present political and ideological purposes of European integration, whereby the Second World War and the Partisan movement, which once signified a common Yugoslav life, have become a contested issue. The focus of the critical narrative analysis is put on those general narrative templates that underlie specific news narratives about the Second World War and socialist Yugoslavia. Over the last 25 years, dominant media have strengthened memory struggles in the Slovenian public realm and have created revisionist narratives of the Second World War and the post-war past.

scholarly journals Cultural Studies and radical popular education: Resources of hope

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-931
Author(s):  
Tom Steele
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Popular Education ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
World War ◽  
Intellectual Inquiry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Raymond Williams ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Universe

This article takes up the theme that a significant but often ignored source for British Cultural Studies began in the interdisciplinary teaching of the Workers’ Educational Association and university extra-mural departments in the immediate post-Second World War years. I deepen this argument by outlining the history of ‘popular education’ in Europe and beyond in the modern period to illustrate how the coming together of subaltern political movements and intellectual inquiry created an independent public sphere of radical self-enlightenment. In this article, by utilising archival and textual sources, I should like to explore whether it may be possible to renew the original project of Cultural Studies through radical programmes of ‘popular’ adult education in the digital age. I see Jim McGuigan’s work as offering ‘resources of hope’, in Raymond Williams’ phrase, for this tradition in the universe of academic Cultural Studies.

scholarly journals Aromanian – Language or Dialect? Overview of Historical and Contemporary Opinions

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Anna Oczko
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
International Level ◽  
World War ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
National Languages ◽  
Second World ◽  
Late Form

This article aims at presenting two concepts from the modern typology of the Romance languages, with a special focus on the Aromanian ethnolect. The first concept, which is widely accepted in the Romanian linguistics and was most prevalent before the Second World War, does not recognise Aromanian as a separate language, but treats it as one of four dialects of the Romanian language. The second movement, much closer to modern Romanist research at the international level, opts for a full autonomy of all Balkan Romance ethnolects and attributes to them statuses of national languages. It also negates the existence of a common Romanian language in the first millennium, arguing that the Balkan Romance languages developed independently from a late form of Balkan Latin around the 11th century.

scholarly journals Euro-Centrism vs. International Thinking

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Josephine Liebl
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Lasting Peace ◽  
Second World

The idea of a united Europe is generally believed to be something positive, especially as it represents values like democracy and tolerance. The practical construct resulting from this idea, the former European Economic Community (EEC), has been created in reaction to the moral, political and economic destruction Europe went through during the Second World War and therefore embodies the “concept of a long-lasting peace (Wallström, 2004). As the EEC has developed from a unity based on economical cooperation into the European Union (EU), a political construct with growing influence on national politics, the question arises whether it is legitimate at all (Obradovic, 1996, p.191).

11. Multiculturalism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Wetherly
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
World War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines the evolution of cultural diversity, a concept of multiculturalism, as an ideology. Aside from cultural diversity, multiculturalism has three other inter-related concepts or values: identity, community, and citizenship and equality. The chapter first considers the link between migration and cultural diversity before discussing the routes to cultural diversity within modern states, especially immigration into European societies in the period since the Second World War. It then explores the relationship between the national and global dimensions of cultural diversity as well as the attitudes of other ideological perspectives, such as liberalism, socialism, conservatism, nationalism, and feminism, to cultural diversity. It also asks whether multiculturalism is an ideology in its own right and how multiculturalist ideology has been expressed in political movements and shaped government policies. Finally, it assesses the nature of, and reasons for, the recent backlash against multiculturalism in European societies.

Generational Discontinuities and the Memory of Traumatic Events: the Case of Eastern Europe with a Special Focus on Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-879
Author(s):  
Alessandro Cavalli
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Communities ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Second World

In certain contingencies, traumatic events intervene in breaking the continuity of the life of social communities or whole societies. Such events include natural catastrophes but also wars or revolutions. This article looks in particular at recollections of the Second World War.

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