scholarly journals La Economía de Santafé de Bogotá En 1810

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salomón Kalmanovitz ◽  
Edwin López Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
New Granada ◽  
Important Impact ◽  
Political Center ◽  
Trade Center ◽  
Handicraft Production ◽  
Strong Impulse

AbstractThis essay shows that the growth of the economy of New Granada during the Eighteenth Century made an important impact on its political center, Santafé de Bogota, at least until 1808. Such prosperity was the result of a process of specialization and division of labor between different regions of the new kingdom, derived from the dynamics of gold mining that gave a strong impulse to Santafé's economy as a trade center for the handicraft production of Eastern Colombia and the fertile savanna surrounding it, which was a net food exporter. The Mint established in Santafé, which was a de facto monopoly, attracted merchants and miners who established there a center for the exchange of gold dust for coin.

Clearing the Stage: Gender, Class, and the Freedom of the Scenes in Eighteenth-Century Dublin

PMLA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1264-1278
Author(s):  
Susan Cannon Harris
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
National Identities ◽  
The Political ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Political Center

This essay investigates the conditions and consequences of Thomas Sheridan's attempt to bar spectators from behind the scenes at the Theatre-Royal in Dublin's Smock Alley. Sheridan succeeded in revoking the “freedom of the scenes”—a privilege by which aristocratic men were allowed to roam the green room, dressing rooms, and stage during the performance—because Dublin was the cultural and political center of a colonial society whose members were struggling for control over the spaces outside the theater. The reform provoked a conflict known as the Kelly riots, which began with a spectator's attempted rape of an actress in Sheridan's production of John Vanbrugh's Aesop. Contextualizing the Kelly riots in the political and cultural situation of eighteenth-century Ireland, this article illuminates the role that the theater plays in the construction of subjectivity and in the interrelation among gender, class, and national identities.

Colonial New Granada

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Muñoz Arbeláez
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
New Granada ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Royal Courts ◽  
The Caribbean

In the 1530s, the Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada coined the term “New Kingdom of Granada” to talk about the highlands of the northern Andes inhabited by native peoples he and his fellow explorers called the moscas—a term the conquerors adapted from the term these indigenous groups used for “people” or “humans,” but also because they abounded like “flies,” moscas in Spanish. From then on, the term New Kingdom of Granada had a volatile and dynamic existence. In political terms, the New Kingdom of Granada revolved around the Audiencia de Santafé, a political entity in charge of justice administration that reported directly to the Council of the Indies. It wove together diverse ethnic groups from different geographic areas, from the Amazon to the Andes, from the Pacific to the Caribbean, and from the Isthmus of Panama to the Orinoquia, including an Andean region divided into three ranges, each with its own characteristics. The Jesuit missions of the Amazonia differed from the slave, gold-mining coasts of the Pacific, and from the agrarian Andean economies. On the Caribbean coast, Cartagena stood out as one of the largest slave-trading hubs in the Atlantic, yet one with an economic framework atypical in the Caribbean, where plantations were not predominant, and home to one of the largest populations of “free men of all colors” (libres de todos los colores) in the Americas. The province of Popayán, with a remarkably diverse jurisdiction that covered a vast region from the Amazon to the Pacific coast, including the Andean groups that marked the northern boundary of the Inca Empire, oscillated between the royal courts of Santafé and Quito. In the 18th century, the imperial administration created the Viceroyalty of New Granada to give administrative unity to the area, and reformed the fiscal and administrative scheme, detonating a wide range of political reactions from a variety of social groups. In all, New Granada should not be understood as a cogent “region” with a coherent and cohesive cultural, economic, or political system, but as an effort to create a unified imperial scale of governance out of a diverse set of peoples and landscapes.

“Of Experience, Zeal, and Selflessness”: Military Officers as Viceroys in Early Eighteenth Century Spanish America

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco A. Eissa-Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Military Officer ◽  
Royal Authority ◽  
New Granada ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Administrative Experience

On February 18, 1724, field marshal Antonio Manso Maldonado arrived in New Granada as the president, governor, and captain-general of the New Kingdom. He had been appointed to this position on December 4, 1723, because both the crown and the Chamber of the Indies thought it would be best executed by a military officer. Manso Maldonado could boast more than 30 years of military service, proven loyalty, and administrative experience, much of it during the first reign of Felipe V. After joining the royal armies as a private, Manso Maldonado rose steadily through the ranks, fighting the Moors in Ceuta and the French in the wars of the late seventeenth century. During the War of the Spanish Succession, he served at the orders of the militant bishop of Murcia and last viceroy of Valencia, Luis Belluga, who praised Manso's valor directly to the king. Most important perhaps, at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession and upon the occupation of Catalonia by Bourbon forces, Manso Maldonado had served as teniente de rey in Gerona (1716-1719) and Barcelona (1719-1723), witnessing first-hand the implementation of the Nueva Planta and the enforcement of royal authority over the rebellious principality.

Public Happiness through Manufacturing and Innovation

2021 ◽  
pp. 461-478
Author(s):  
Xuan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Schumpeterian Growth ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Public Happiness

This article uncovers the theory of industrialization of the eighteenth-century German Cameralist Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi, who was the most important figure in German Cameralism. This topic is highly under-examined. This article finds that Justi proposed four reasons for industrialization in order to promote economic development: (1) manufacturing had a highly differentiated division of labor; (2) manufacturing was an innovation-intensive activity; (3) manufacturing was a science-based activity; and (4) manufacturing cultivated people’s psychological qualities which were required to realize economic development. Based on these findings, this thesis argues that Justi’s theories of industrialization and innovation contemplated a model of economic development similar to what is known today as “Schumpeterian growth.” This article aims to deepen our understanding of the significance of manufacturing and innovation in the early modern mercantilist and Cameralist economic theories.

Introduction

Tea War ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
China And India ◽  
World Today ◽  
Tea Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Indian Tea

This introductory chapter provides a background of Chinese and Indian tea. It was in early imperial China where tea was first ritually imbibed as a medicinal and religious drink, and it was eighteenth-century Chinese merchants who helped popularize it as a global commodity, enabling it to become the most consumed commercial beverage in the world today. And yet, over the course of the next century, the Indian tea industry—operated by British colonial planters and based in the northeast territory of Assam—suddenly overtook China as the world's top exporter. British and, later, Japanese propagandists seized upon this inversion in the global division of labor. Propagandists dismissed Tang- and Song-era (618–1279) records of tea in China as unreliable, asserting instead that the true “birthplace of tea” must have been in India or Japan. This book presents the histories of Chinese and colonial Indian tea as a dynamic, unified story of global interaction, one mediated by modern capitalist competition. Their implications challenge many of the conventional assumptions about capitalism in China and India—or its absence thereof—and in so doing, they provocatively contribute to a more global conception of capitalism's history as a whole.

Intellectual Change in Early Eighteenth-Century Tokugawa Confucianism

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Najita
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Important Impact ◽  
Confucian Thought ◽  
History Of

When teaching Tokugawa intellectual history, I consistently encounter a question that is at once deceptively simple yet so difficult to respond to in a convincing and substantial way. Why do Japanese historians argue that Confucianism had an important impact on Tokugawa society, when geographical, political, and ethical realities in Japan were so vastly different from those in China? There is, of course, good reason to be perplexed, I reply, and offer a generalization or two. Tokugawa society clearly was not “Sinified” as is sometimes implied; but, on the other hand, the imprint of Confucianism on Tokugawa thought and culture was undeniably deep. Although the picture is sometimes overdrawn, Japanese historians constantly refer to Confucianism as the “rationalizing” force that transformed Japan from a religious and ascetic culture to a bureaucratic and secular one. The same historians continue to debate the intellectual merit of Tokugawa Confucianism in Japan's modern culture, for while the precise ramifications are still controversial, there is little doubt as to the depth of the Tokugawa intellectual engagement with Confucian thought and of the profound legacy of that engagement for the modern history of Japan. Unfortunately, these generalizations, although helpful, do not add up to convincing historical instruction, a realization that has invariably left me searching for more cogent lines of interpretation and more detailed characterizations of Tokugawa thought.

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