RECONSTRUCTION OF EXPORT SERIES FOR PERU BEFORE THE GREAT DEPRESSION

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Felipe Zegarra
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
World War ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Substantial Growth ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Current Value ◽  
War Of The Pacific

AbstractThis article discusses the available sources of information on the value and volume of Peru’s exports and estimates the current value of exports, the index of export prices and the quantum of exports using a wide variety of sources. By relying on several sources, I estimate the first complete series of the current value of exports for Peru for 1830-1930. Importantly, I adjust other studies’ estimates by taking into account the deficiencies of foreign sources and by distinguishing between exports of specie and of minerals. The estimations show that exports experienced substantial growth in the 1850s and 1860s, during the Guano Era. Exports stagnated in the 1870s and dropped during the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) before recovering in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially during World War I.

War and the Next Lesson

Money ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
James K. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
World War I ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
The Great Depression

This chapter examines the lessons of World War II with respect to money and monetary policy. World War I exposed the fragility of the monetary structure that had gold as its foundation, the great boom of the 1920s showed how futile monetary policy was as an instrument of restraint, and the Great Depression highlighted the ineffectuality of monetary policy for rescuing the country from a slump—for breaking out of the underemployment equilibrium once this had been fully and firmly established. On the part of John Maynard Keynes, the lesson was that only fiscal policy ensured not just that money was available to be borrowed but that it would be borrowed and would be spent. The chapter considers the experiences of Britain, Germany, and the United States with a lesson of World War II: that general measures for restraining demand do not prevent inflation in an economy that is operating at or near capacity.

Higher Than Sight Can Reach

2021 ◽  
pp. 184-207
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hoy
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Immigration Law ◽  
World War ◽  
Popular Resistance ◽  
Indigenous Resistance ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Jay Treaty

Chapter 9 follows the Canada–US border’s development from 1900 until the 1930s. It surveys the Alaska Boundary Survey, World War I, Prohibition, the Great Depression, and Indigenous resistance to new immigration laws. In the 1920s, the Indian Citizenship Act and National Origins Act extended federal immigration law over Indigenous people, resulting in resistance. Deskaheh (Levi General) gave speeches in Europe to garner support for the Haudenosaunee rights to self-governance. Clinton Rickard helped found the Indian Defense League of America to increase pan-Indigenous resistance to federal policy. Paul Diabo’s legal challenge to the Immigration Service’s interpretation of the Jay Treaty helped entrench Indigenous mobility as a fundamental part of the Canada–US border. As battles over citizenship and prohibition attested, increases in federal personnel did not give either country the ability to ignore popular resistance.

Quest for Jobs and Housing

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-40
Author(s):  
Joe William Trotter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
World War ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
National Headquarters

The fight for much needed social services for Pittsburgh's poor and working-class black families had deep roots in the prewar years. But this struggle intensified during and after World War I with the formation and development of the Urban League of Pittsburgh (ULP). Following the lead of national headquarters in New York City, the Steel City's small “ban of reformers” placed the provision of migration, work, housing, and health services at the core of its mission to Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania. After a brief moment of extraordinary success, the agency's programs dissipated during the economic downturn after the war but rebounded before the onset of the Great Depression.

A Child of the Interwar Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Ivo Maes
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Early Period ◽  
World War ◽  
General Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Belgian Franc

Robert Triffin was born in 1911 in Flobecq, Belgium. It was a turbulent period. At the age of 24, the young Triffin had already lived through World War I, monetary and financial turmoil after the war, the Great Depression, the 1935 Belgian franc devaluation, and the rise of fascism. In this chapter, the early period of Triffin’s life is discussed. It focuses on his undergraduate studies at Louvain University, his doctoral studies at Harvard, and his early academic career. During these years, like many people of his generation, Triffin became a profound pacifist. Moreover, as an economist, he became convinced that the market economy was fundamentally unstable. Special attention is paid to his two major publications during these years: an article on the 1935 devaluation of the Belgian franc (Triffin made the calculations) and his PhD on monopolistic competition and general equilibrium theory.

Manufacturing Productivity Growth in American Economic History

2018 ◽  
pp. 212-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Field
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Manufacturing Productivity ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This chapter provides an overview of labor and total factor productivity growth in the manufacturing sector in the United States from colonial times to the present. An introductory section defines concept and terms. This is followed by an historical survey of improvement in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and sections on the manufacturing revolution of the 1920s and the sector’s contribution during the Great Depression. The remainder of the chapter provides a quantitative perspective on manufacturing productivity growth and its contribution to the overall economy from the end of World War I through the first decade of the twenty-first century.

A brief illustrated history on sunscreens and sun protection

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 929-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Svarc
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
World War ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Uva Radiation

AbstractNobody exactly knows when human beings begun protecting their skin from the sun. Our dark-skinned ancestors in Africa had the benefit of natural melanin to avoid sunburn. With migration to cooler regions, humans clothed themselves to avoid frost, losing their protective pigmentation. For cultural reasons, occidentals continued to cover their body up to the XIXth century. After World War I fashion wanted tanned bodies. Oils without protection to UV radiation were used. In 1935 Eugène Schueller, founder of L’Oreal, formulated the first radiation filtering product, “Ambre Solaire Huile”. Benjamin Green produced for the soldiers battling in the Pacific a red jelly substance as a physical blocker. The hazards of sun overexposure were already apparent. The product boomed under the brand Coppertone. In 1946 Franz Greiter developed the “Gletscher Créme”. In 1956 R. Schulz introduced the concept of the sun protection factor (SPF). All those products protected only against UVB radiation, whose main visible result is erythema. There was still no concern on the more penetrating UVA radiation, and skin cancer prevention nor on several other contemporary issues. Today we benefit from very high SPF products with broad UV protection. Solubility limitations and sensorial properties make them difficult to formulate and stabilize.

The Post-Heroic Generation: American Independent Inventors, 1900–1950

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Hintz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Polaroid Camera ◽  
Samuel Ruben

By World War I, the public (and later, many historians) had come to believe that teams of anonymous scientists in corporate research and development (R&D) laboratories had displaced “heroic” individual inventors like Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell as the wellspring of innovation. However, the first half of the twentieth century was actually a long transitional period when lesser known independents like Chester Carlson (Xerox copier), Earl Tupper (Tupperware), Samuel Ruben (Duracell batteries), and Edwin Land (Polaroid camera) continued to make notable contributions to the overall context of innovation. Accordingly, my dissertation considers the changing fortunes of American independent inventors from approximately 1900 to 1950, a period of expanding corporate R&D, the Great Depression, and two world wars. Contrary to most interpretations of this period, I argue that individual, “post-heroic” inventors remained an important, though less visible, source of inventions in the early twentieth century.

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND TAX REGIMES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1763 TO THE PRESENT

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Elliot Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
World War ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
The Republic

The essay explores how ideas about social justice and economic performance shaped the debates over federal taxation in the United States since the origins of the republic. The debates were most intense during major national emergencies (the American Revolution, the Civil War, World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II), and each debate produced a new tax regime-a tax system with its own characteristic tax base, rate structure, administration apparatus, and social purpose. The criterion of "ability to pay" and a concern for economic efficiency powerfully shaped the formation of every tax regime, but "ability to pay" became the more influential of the two considerations during the national crises of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals IFIs’ Conditionalities, Poverty Reduction, and Employment

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 435-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabur Ghayur
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
International Financial Architecture ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World

Rising from the debris of the World War-II and also the devastations caused by the great depression of 1930s, the Bretton Woods twins—international monetary fund (IMF) and the world bank; rather the world bank group1—have over the years emerged as important players of the international financial arena. They are the major component of international financial architecture in addressing global macro and financial stability. The Bank together with the regional multi-lateral development banks (MDBs), such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the Asian and the Pacific region, is making its contribution in building necessary infrastructure needed to initiate and support the development process, the recent reduced emphasis on such projects notwithstanding.

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