Portraits and Poses

The complex relation between gender and the representation of intellectual authority has deep roots in European history. Portraits and Poses adopts a historical approach to shed new light on this topical subject. It addresses various modes and strategies by which learned women (authors, scientists, jurists, midwifes, painters, and others) sought to negotiate and legitimise their authority at the dawn of modern science in Early Modern and Enlightenment Europe (1600–1800). This volume explores the transnational dimensions of intellectual networks in France, Italy, Britain, the German states and the Low Countries. Drawing on a wide range of case studies from different spheres of professionalisation, it examines both individual and collective constructions of female intellectual authority through word and image. In its innovative combination of an interdisciplinary and transnational approach, this volume contributes to the growing literature on women and intellectual authority in the Early Modern Era and outlines contours for future research.

Exploitation of neighbouring subsoil for nutrient acquisition under annual-perennial strip intercropping systems

Little is known of how the deep root systems of perennial crops contribute to deeper and better resource use when intercropped with annuals in arable fields. Therefore, we aimed at measuring the capacity of perennial deep roots, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) to access the nutrient source located under the neighboring annuals at 1.0 and 2.5 m of soil depth. Alfalfa and curly dock were able to access the tracer-labelled source placed at a distance under the annual crop strips. As a result, the reliance on deeper soil layer for nutrient uptake under intercroppings became greater compared with sole-croppings. Combination of an annual cereal (winter rye) and a perennial legume (alfalfa) with contrasting root systems exhibited higher resource complementarity compared with intercroppings having similar root systems or absence of legumes. Our results demonstrated that the deep-rooted perennials when intercropped with annuals can induce vertical niche complementarity, especially at deeper soil layers. This was assumed to be due to the vertically stratified root activity between the crop components, however, the magnitude of the effects depended on choice of crop combinations, and on types of tracers. Future studies should include estimates such as relative yield total and land equivalent ratio to quantitatively determine the effects of resource acquisition under annual-perennial intercropping in arable fields.

Smart Culture and Heritage, the “Rare” Category of SSC Classifications

ISO and ITU propose some classifications regarding the smart sustainable cities services: energy, transport, health, tourism, education, safety, environment, governance, commerce, buildings, community. Culture and heritage is a rare category in these classifications, despite the fact they have to be always been included in an SSC ecosystem. They could play a key role in achieving the 17 SDGs due to some critical reasons: their deep roots in humanity, their wide spread across city life and environment, hence their horizontal connections with all the other SSC categories. There are many options of SSC structures, which have the potential to be dedicated on culture and heritage. QR codes, GIS., VR, apps, IoT, virtual events are some of them, widely implemented by cities. Via these ways, culture and heritage could 1) contribute to the humans' welfare index and 2) interact with the other sectors of the city ecosystem. Their added value to the sustainability process creates the necessity to be a distinctive category in international SSC classifications.

Role of Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge

In recent decades, species extinction has increased sharply. Most species in the world are discovered in tropical forests – covering more than 10% of the planet. Sustainable management and conservation efforts must include local communities and their traditional knowledge. The traditional use of forest resources, especially non-timber products such as medicinal plants, not only has deep roots in indigenous populations, but is also practiced in a broad segment of culture. Using medicinal herbs is often a costly alternative to modern medicine that is economically inevitable. This traditional use's basic knowledge is carried from one generation to the next. Medical use in particular reflects an extremely vibrant, ever-evolving process in which fresh knowledge is constantly acquired and connected to traditional methods. An instance from West Bengal's West Midnapore district in India is used to illustrate the impacts of an integrated strategy to preserving biodiversity and culture.

Violência doméstica contra a mulher em tempos de Isolamento Social ante a Pandemia de Covid-19 /Domestic Violence Against Women in Times of Social Isolation due to the Covid-19 Pandemic

Resumo: O mundo está vivendo um momento pandêmico, que tem causado um verdadeiro caos na saúde, bem como que tem impactado negativamente nos mais diversos setores sociais, mais especificamente a economia e serviços de saúde e educação.Em razão da facilidade com a qual o vírus se propaga, o Governo tem determinado medidas de isolamento social, que limitam os locais de circulação, serviços que podem funcionar, bem como sugerem que as pessoas permaneçam em suas casas, saindo apenas para suprir necessidades essenciais. O isolamento social, embora medida de proteção da população, parece ter aumentado consideravelmente os casos de violência contra as mulheres. Este estudo analisa as causas da violência contra as mulheres no período pandêmico da Covid-19, no Brasil, à partir de dados da literatura. Os resultados demonstraram um aumento da violência doméstica contra a mulher no período da pandemia de covid-19, embora seja este um problema social com raízes profundas. Portanto, a modificação desse cenário vai requerer muito esforço e comprometimento de todos os envolvidos, inclusive politicas sociais mais efetivas, visando minimizar o quadro da violência contra as mulheres, atualmente vigente no país.Palavras-chave: Violência doméstica; Isolamento social; Pandemia de Covid-19.---Abstract: The world is going through a pandemic moment, which has caused a literal chaos in the health industry, as well as negatively impacted diverse social sectors, more specifically the economy and health and education services. Due to the ease with which the virus spreads, the Government has determined social isolation measures, limiting the circulation, services that can work, as well as suggesting that people remain in their homes, leaving only to fulfill essential needs . Social isolation, although a measure of protection for the population, seems to have considerably increased cases of violence against women. This study analyzes the causes of violence against women in the Covid-19 pandemic period in Brazil, based on literature data. The results showed an increase in domestic violence against women during the covid-19 pandemic period, although this is a social problem with deep roots. Therefore, changing this scenario will require a lot of effort and commitment from everyone involved, including more effective social policies, aimed at minimizing the situation of violence against women, currently in force in the country. Keywords: Domestic violence; Social isolation; Covid-19 pandemic.

‘Stranger to Relate yet Wonderfully True’

Building on the preceding chapter’s effort to study war and territorial conquest from the vantage point of peninsular India, this chapter focuses on the Madras presidency at war against the sultans of Mysore (1780–4). In stark contrast to the muted resistance offered by the civilian government of Bombay, when confronted with a vastly expanded military challenge, the Madras civilian power completely imploded. The belligerent Governor George Macartney struggled to wrest control against encroachments over his civilian authority from military commanders, an overweening Bengal administration and the inveterate hostility of the rulers of Mysore. These fissiparous struggles were not merely confined to the high politics of colonial administration. Ideologues like Henry Malcolm argued for the complete inversion of the ideology of civilian control of the military, especially for the local administration in Madras presidency. Taken together—the complete breakdown of civil–military relations at the highest levels of the Madras presidency and the view from the margins of local administration—the experiment of placing the military well above and beyond the civilian components of early colonial rule had taken deep roots in peninsular India.

Dad Jokes and the Deep Roots of Fatherly Teasing

Dad jokes, I argue, are a manifestation of a much older fatherly impulse to tease one’s children. On the surface, dad jokes are puns that are characterized by only violating a pragmatic norm and nothing else, which makes them lame and unfunny. Only violating a pragmatic norm and nothing else, however, is itself a violation of the norms of joke-telling, which makes dad jokes a type of anti-humor. Fathers (i.e., “dads”) may in turn seek to embarrass their children by purposively violating the norms of joke-telling in this way, thus weaponizing the lame pun against their children as a type of good-natured teasing. Given their personality profile, it makes sense that fathers should be particularly prone to weap­onize dad jokes teasingly against their children like this, with the phenomenon bearing an illuminating resemblance to the rough-and-tumble play that fathers have engaged their children in since before the dawn of our species.

TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE ISLAMIC EXTREMISM AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE “ISLAMIC STATE” (FROM THE END OF 20TH CENTURY TILL 2014)

The Islamic extremism has deep roots in the Middle East. They were especially active towards the end of the 20th century and in the first and second decades of the 21st century. They took on a new nature with the terrorist acts against the US on September 11 in 2001. In the mid-2000s new and dangerous trends of the Islamic extremism became evident in the Middle East, which became visible in Syria with the declaration of the “Islamic State” (IS) in 2014.