The use of a rapid priming technique I: Word recognition development in children

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Anne Castles ◽  
Chris Davis
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Automatic Processes ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Written Word ◽  
Recent Extension ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe masked priming procedure has been widely used in adult psycholinguistic research as a means of exploring early and automatic processes in written word recognition (see Davis & Castles, this issue). In this paper, we discuss the recent extension of this technique for use in exploring written vocabulary development in children learning to read. We first report data to show that robust masked priming effects can be produced in children as young as seven years old. We then outline the results of some recent studies which illustrate how masked priming data can uncover the processes by which children access written word representations and the ways in which these processes may change over time.

The use of a rapid priming technique I: Adult language processing

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Chris Davis ◽  
Anne Castles
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Skilled Readers ◽  
Priming Technique

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the background and use of the masked priming procedure in adult psycholinguistic research. Using this technique, we address the issue of how precise the letter and word processing systems of adults is for rapidly displayed stimuli. Data is reviewed that suggests that, for skilled readers, the letter and word recognition system is sensitively tuned to the discrimination demands imposed on it by the properties of the written language. That is, the recognition system is able to be discriminative where precision is required, but is also able to consider and use incomplete information when this is predictive.

Semantic transparency affects morphological priming . . . eventually

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1112-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Heyer ◽  
Dana Kornishova
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Morphological Priming ◽  
Complex Words

Semantic transparency has been in the focus of psycholinguistic research for decades, with the controversy about the time course of the application of morpho-semantic information during the processing of morphologically complex words not yet resolved. This study reports two masked priming studies with English - ness and Russian - ost’ nominalisations, investigating how semantic transparency modulates native speakers’ morphological priming effects at short and long stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In both languages, we found increased morphological priming for nominalisations at the transparent end of the scale (e.g. paleness – pale) in comparison to items at the opaque end of the scale (e.g. business – busy) but only at longer prime durations. The present findings are in line with models that posit an initial phase of morpho-orthographic (semantically blind) decomposition.

scholarly journals Transposed-Letter Priming Effects for Close Versus Distant Transpositions

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 384-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Perea ◽  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽  
Manuel Carreiras
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
Similar Item

Transposing two internal letters of a word produces a perceptually similar item (e.g., CHOLOCATE being processed as CHOCOLATE). To determine the precise nature of the encoding of letter position within a word, we examined the effect of the number of intervening letters in transposed-letter effects with a masked priming procedure. In Experiment 1, letter transposition could involve adjacent letters (chocloate-CHOCOLATE) and nonadjacent letters with two intervening letters (choaolcte-CHOCOLATE). Results showed that the magnitude of the transposed-letter priming effect – relative to the appropriate control condition – was greater when the transposition involved adjacent letters than when it involved nonadjacent letters. In Experiment 2, we included a letter transposition condition using nonadjacent letters with one intervening letter (cholocate-CHOCOLATE). Results showed that the transposed-letter priming effect was of the same size for nonadjacent transpositions that involved one or two intervening letters. In addition, transposed-letter priming effects were smaller in the two nonadjacent conditions than in the adjacent condition. We examine the implications of these findings for models of visual-word recognition.

Time course analyses of orthographic and phonological priming effects during word recognition in a transparent orthography

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 1925-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. T. Zeguers ◽  
P. Snellings ◽  
H. M. Huizenga ◽  
M. W. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Phonological Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Transparent Orthography ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Orthographic Priming

In opaque orthographies, the activation of orthographic and phonological codes follows distinct time courses during visual word recognition. However, it is unclear how orthography and phonology are accessed in more transparent orthographies. Therefore, we conducted time course analyses of masked priming effects in the transparent Dutch orthography. The first study used targets with small phonological differences between phonological and orthographic primes, which are typical in transparent orthographies. Results showed consistent orthographic priming effects, yet phonological priming effects were absent. The second study explicitly manipulated the strength of the phonological difference and revealed that both orthographic and phonological priming effects became identifiable when phonological differences were strong enough. This suggests that, similar to opaque orthographies, strong phonological differences are a prerequisite to separate orthographic and phonological priming effects in transparent orthographies. Orthographic and phonological priming appeared to follow distinct time courses, with orthographic codes being quickly translated into phonological codes and phonology dominating the remainder of the lexical access phase.

Attentional Modulation of Unconscious “Automatic” Processes: Evidence from Event-related Potentials in a Masked Priming Paradigm

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Kiefer ◽  
Doreen Brendel
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Automatic Processes ◽  
Temporal Attention ◽  
Attentional Modulation ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Related Potentials

Automatic processes are usually thought to occur independently of any cognitive resources. This traditional view has been recently challenged by showing that temporal attention to a target stimulus is a prerequisite for “automatic” response priming. The event-related potential (ERP) study reported here extends this research by pursuing a somewhat different approach. In two experiments, it was investigated whether masked semantic priming effects can be modulated by temporal attention to the prime using a cueing procedure. We hypothesized that masked priming is amplified when attention is directed to the stimulus stream in the time window of masked prime presentation, even in the absence of any prime awareness. ERPs were recorded while subjects performed a primed lexical decision task. Target words were preceded by semantically related or unrelated masked prime words, which were not consciously identified. A cue stimulus prompted subjects to direct their attention to the stimulus stream either shortly before the masked prime (short cue interval) or a long time interval before. Priming affected the amplitude of the N400 ERP component, an electrophysiological index of semantic processing. Unrelated prime–target pairs elicited a larger N400 than related pairs (N400 priming effect). Most importantly, this masked N400 priming effect was strongest when the cue interval and the stimulus onset asynchronies were short. The present results show that temporal attention to the prime is a prerequisite for obtaining masked N400 priming effects. They also demonstrate that unconscious automatic processes are susceptible to attentional modulation.

L1 and L2 processing of compound words: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAN LI ◽  
NAN JIANG ◽  
KIRA GOR
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Automatic Processes ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Chinese Learners ◽  
Early English ◽  
Orthographic Priming ◽  
L1 And L2

This study reports results from a series of masked priming experiments investigating early automatic processes involved in the visual recognition of English bimorphemic compounds in native and non-native processing. Results show that NSs produced robust and statistically equivalent masked priming effects with semantically transparent (e.g., toothbrush-TOOTH) and opaque (e.g., honeymoon-HONEY) compound primes, but no priming with orthographic controls (e.g., restaurant-REST), irrespective of constituent position. Similarly, advanced Chinese learners of English also produced robust and statistically equivalent priming effects with transparent and opaque compound primes in both positions. However, a clear orthographic priming effect was observed in the word-initial overlap position but no such effect in the word-final position. We argue that L2 compound priming originates from a different source from form priming. We conclude that these findings lend support to the sublexical morpho-orthographic decomposition mechanism underlying early English compound recognition not only in L1 but also in L2 processing.

Visual and Phonological Codes in Letter and Word Recognition: Evidence from Incremental Priming

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes C. Ziegler ◽  
Ludovic Ferrand ◽  
Arthur M. Jacobs ◽  
Arnaud Rey ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Prime Duration ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Word Priming ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Phonological Activation

Critical issues in letter and word priming were investigated using the novel incremental priming technique. This technique adds a parametric manipulation of prime duration (or prime intensity) to the traditional design of a fast masked priming study. By doing so, additional information on the time course and nature of priming effects can be obtained. In Experiment 1, cross-case letter priming (a-A) was investigated in both alphabetic decision (letter/non-letter classification) and letter naming. In Experiment 2, cross-case word priming was investigated in lexical decision and naming. Whereas letter priming in alphabetic decision was most strongly determined by visual overlap between prime and target, word priming in lexical decision was facilitated by both orthographic and phonological information. Orthographic activation was stronger and occurred earlier than phonological activation. In letter and word naming, in contrast, priming effects were most strongly determined by phonological/articulatory information. Differences and similarities between letter and word recognition are discussed in the light of the incremental priming data.

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