scholarly journals Process sociology, the English School, and postcolonialism – understanding ‘civilization’ and world politics: a reply to the critics

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Linklater
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
International Society ◽  
World Politics ◽  
English School ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Civilizing Process ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Process Sociology

AbstractThis article responds to critics of Violence and Civilization in the Western States-Systems (Cambridge University Press, 2016). It provides a rejoinder to challenges to the attempted synthesis of process sociology and the English School analysis of international society. It rebuts the postcolonial contention that the process-sociological analysis of the impact of the European ‘civilizing process’ on the modern states-system is Eurocentric. The article explains how process sociology contributes to the postcolonial critique of ‘civilization’. It concludes by arguing that their combined strengths of the two perspectives can inform the comparative study of Western and non-Western ‘civilizing processes’ and support the development of a more ‘global IR’.

scholarly journals Rising Powers, Responsibility, and International Society

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Gaskarth
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
English School ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
China And India ◽  
Societal Values ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Responsible Action

Responsibility is a key theme of recent debates over the ethics of international society. In particular, rising powers such as Brazil, China, and India regularly reject the idea that coercion should be a feature of world politics, and they portray military intervention as irresponsible. But this raises the problem of how a society's norms can be upheld without coercive measures. Critics have accused them of “free riding” on existing great powers and failing to address the dilemma of how to deal with actors undermining societal values. This article examines writing on responsibility and international society, with particular reference to the English School, to identify why the willingness and capacity to use force—as well as creative thinking in this regard—are seen as important aspects of responsibility internationally. It then explores statements made by Brazil, China, and India in UN Security Council meetings between 2011 and 2016 to identify which actors they see as responsible and how they define responsible action. In doing so, it pinpoints areas of concurrence as well as disagreements in their understandings of the concept of responsibility, and concludes that Brazil and India have a more coherent and practical understanding of the concept than China, which risks incurring the label “great irresponsible.”

Federalism

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Beramendi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Impact

This article provides a partial but necessary review of the dominating themes, evolution, and pending tasks that await the comparative politics of federalism. The basic premise of this article is taken from rational choice institution-alism. The article fist delimits federalism as an institution, before it pays attention to the impact of federalism on democracy and the workings of the economy. An analysis of federalism as an endogenous institution is provided. The article also mentions a number of methodological considerations on the comparative study of the origins and consequences of federalism. It ends with a discussion of the various challenges that lie ahead of the field.

scholarly journals The emergence of environmental stewardship as a primary institution of global international society

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Falkner ◽  
Barry Buzan
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Environmental Stewardship ◽  
The Other ◽  
English School ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Normative Order ◽  
Primary Institutions ◽  
The Impact

This article develops an English School framework for analysing the emergence of new primary institutions in global international society, and applies this to the case of environmental stewardship. The article traces the impact that global environmentalism has had on the normative order of global international society, examines the creation of secondary institutions around this norm and identifies the ways in which these developments have become embedded in the constitution and behaviour of states. It assesses the ways in which environmental stewardship has interacted with the other primary institutions that compose global international society, changing some of the understandings and practices associated with them. The conclusions argue that environmental stewardship is likely to be a durable institution of global international society, and that it might be a harbinger of a more functional turn in its priorities.

Small respiratory passages dysfunction in bronchial asthma

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-733
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Kytikova ◽  
M. V. Antonyuk ◽  
B. I. Gel'tser ◽  
E. E. Mineeva ◽  
T. A. Gvozdenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Timely Treatment

The small respiratory passages dysfunction (SRPD) is found in the vast majority of patients with bronchial asthma (BA). The SRPD is currently recognized as the important pathogenetic feature of BA. The purpose of this review is to analyze the current scientific knowledge about the poorly studied aspects of the small respiratory passages (SRR) participation in the development of pathological process in BA, as well as the impact of small bronchial dysfunction on the clinical course, the exacerbation frequency and the disease control. The importance of SRPD diagnostics in BA patients for optimal and timely treatment is discussed. The modern methods of RPD pathology diagnostics are described; their informative use in the comparative study aspect is considered.

The strategist’s dilemma: Global dynamic density and the making of US ‘China policy’

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Meijer ◽  
Benjamin Jensen
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
English School ◽  
Dynamic Density ◽  
Strategy Formation ◽  
Global Dynamic ◽  
Grand Strategies

AbstractCombining the English School of International Relations and the study of grand strategy decision-making processes, this article investigates how dynamic density – growing volume, velocity, and diversity of interactions within international society – alters states’ strategy formation processes. By contrasting the perspectives of structural realism and the English School on the role of dynamic density in world politics, the piece illustrates the strategist’s dilemma: as global dynamic density in the international society increases, the ability of great powers to formulate coherent grand strategies and policies potentially decreases. Specifically, it contends that growing global dynamic density generates processual and substantive fragmentation in strategy formation. Building on a large body of elite interviews, US policy toward China – and the so-called US ‘rebalance’ to Asia – is used as a probability probe of the central idea of the strategist’s dilemma. In conclusion, we contrast our findings with complex interdependence theory and examine their implications for ‘great power management’ (GPM) as a primary institution of international society. We argue that, by generating processual and substantive fragmentation in strategy formation, global dynamic density complicates GPM by hindering the capacity of great powers to manage and calibrate the competitive and cooperative dynamics at play in a bilateral relationship.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE WAVE ATTACK ANTICIPATED UPON A STRUCTURE FROM LABORATORY AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
W.A. Venis
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
Spring System ◽  
Mass Spring ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Impact

Model tests have been carried out to obtain an insight into the magnitude of the wave-pressures in various situations. These tests showed, that sharp high pressure peaks occur in addition to the pressures caused by the reflecting of the waves, which pressures are quasi-static. As the structure can be compared with a multiple mass-spring system these pressure-peaks may cause the whole construction to vibrate. Wave-attack therefore can be expressed in terms of impact. Moreover, calculations revealed that the impact pressures were critical factors in determining the strength of the structure. So many model tests were carried out to determine the design and location of the sluices. These tests involved numerous water-levels discharges and waves. Regarding the pressure-peaks a comparative study was made in the model, which led to the structure being designed in such a way that the occurrence of critical impacts was reduced to an acceptable minimum. As it was impossible to avoid the occurrence of impact pressures entirely it remained necessary to determine a basic load for the structure that takes care of the impact pressures. As it has not yet appeared possible physically to determine a theoretical maximum for the impact pressures, it has to be borne in mind that there is a probability that each pressure measured will be exceeded. So this paper describes, how the cumulative frequency curve of the impacts for the case mentioned in 1.1 sub a, which served as a basis for determining the basic load was arrived at by a certain combination of laboratory and field observations. The data used for this purpose were a. Results of wave-impact measurements on a model of the sluices. This model, built in accordance with the results of the comparative study, was situated in the wind-flume of the "de Voorst" hydraulic laboratory. b. Wave height measurements in the Haringvliet during 1957 and 1958. c. Wind-speed measurements on board the lightship Qoeree, likewise during 1957 and 1958. d. Tidal registrations at Hellevoetsluis from 1920 to 1960. e. Wind-force data from the Hook of Holland, likewise from 1920 to 1960.

5. International Society

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-169
Author(s):  
Georg Sørensen ◽  
Jørgen Møller ◽  
Robert Jackson
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
International Society ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
World Politics ◽  
English School ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
International Systems

This chapter examines the International Society tradition of international relations (IR). International Society, also known as the ‘English School’, is an approach to world politics that places emphasis on international history, ideas, structures, institutions, and values. After providing an overview of International Society’s basic assumptions and claims, the chapter considers the three traditions associated with the leading ideas of the most outstanding classical theorists of IR such as Niccolò Machiavelli and Immanuel Kant: realism, rationalism, and revolutionism. It then explores International Society’s views regarding order and justice, world society, statecraft and responsibility, and humanitarian responsibility and war; as well as how International Society scholars have used a historical approach to understand earlier international systems and the development of international society. It also discusses several major criticisms against the International Society approach to IR and concludes with an overview of the research agenda of International Society after the Cold War.

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