Abstract. Semi-terrestrial soils such as floodplain soils are
considered potential hot spots of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Microhabitats
in the soil – such as within and outside of aggregates, in the detritusphere, and/or in
the rhizosphere – are considered to promote and preserve specific redox conditions. Yet
our understanding of the relative effects of such microhabitats and their interactions on
N2O production and consumption in soils is still incomplete. Therefore, we
assessed the effect of aggregate size, buried leaf litter, and plant–soil interactions
on the occurrence of enhanced N2O emissions under simulated flooding/drying
conditions in a mesocosm experiment. We used two model soils with equivalent structure
and texture, comprising macroaggregates (4000–250 µm) or microaggregates
(<250 µm) from a N-rich floodplain soil. These model soils were planted with
basket willow (Salix viminalis L.), mixed with leaf litter or left unamended.
After 48 h of flooding, a period of enhanced N2O emissions occurred in all
treatments. The unamended model soils with macroaggregates emitted significantly more
N2O during this period than those with microaggregates. Litter addition
modulated the temporal pattern of the N2O emission, leading to short-term peaks
of high N2O fluxes at the beginning of the period of enhanced N2O
emission. The presence of S. viminalis strongly suppressed the N2O
emission from the macroaggregate model soil, masking any aggregate-size effect.
Integration of the flux data with data on soil bulk density, moisture, redox potential
and soil solution composition suggest that macroaggregates provided more favourable
conditions for spatially coupled nitrification–denitrification, which are particularly
conducive to net N2O production. The local increase in
organic carbon in the detritusphere appears to first stimulate N2O emissions;
but ultimately, respiration of the surplus organic matter shifts the system towards redox
conditions where N2O reduction to N2 dominates. Similarly, the low
emission rates in the planted soils can be best explained by root exudation of
low-molecular-weight organic substances supporting complete denitrification in the anoxic
zones, but also by the inhibition of denitrification in the zone, where rhizosphere
aeration takes place. Together, our experiments highlight the importance of microhabitat
formation in regulating oxygen (O2) content and the completeness of
denitrification in soils during drying after saturation. Moreover, they will help to
better predict the conditions under which hot spots, and “hot
moments”, of enhanced
N2O emissions are most likely to occur in hydrologically dynamic soil systems
like floodplain soils.
Altitudinal distribution of leaf litter ants along a transect in primary forests on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
