Nutritional manipulation of lamb growth and its effect on body composition and carcase quality

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 71-71
Author(s):  
M. Cropper ◽  
M.D. Lloyd ◽  
G.C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Lamb Growth

The growth rate and body composition of lambs depend on their rate of feed intake and the composition of the feed given. The purpose of the experiment described here was to test predictions of the growth and composition of lambs given feeds of two protein contents at three levels of feeding.73 Scottish Blackface wethers were abruptly weaned at 49 days of age and an average live weight (LW) of 18 (sd 2.2) kg. Six, chosen to cover the range in initial liveweight, were killed and those remaining were put into individual pens and fed in one of six ways. Two feeds with 140g CP/kg fresh weight (FW), called LP, and 220 g CP/kg FW, called HP, were used. They were formulated using barley, maize and soyabean meal, and hay at 150g/kg FW, and were calculated to yield 11.8 MJ ME/kg FW. Each feed was given ad libitum (AL) and at daily rates of 1.2 or 0.8 kg FW. The numbers of sheepstarted were: ALHP, n = 8; ALLP, n = 8; 1.2 HP, n = 12, 1.2 LP, n = 13, 0.8 HP, n = 14, 0.8 LP, n = 12. Sheep were killed from each treatment at 5 kg LW intervals from 25 to 50 kg. After slaughter the weights of gut-fill and organs were taken and the carcase physically dissected into lean, bone and fat. The chemical composition - dry matter and the ash, N, lipid and gross energy contents of the dry matter - of the whole empty body, excluding wool, was measured. Wool weights were determined. The intakes and weights of each sheep were measured twice weekly.

A note on effect of starvation on the bovine alimentary tract and its contents

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Bass ◽  
D. M. Duganzich
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Composition Studies ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTFifty-one cattle were allocated into five groups varying in time of starvation (0, 17, 24, 41 and 48 h). Most of the loss in fasted live weight, stomach and intestinal contents occurred within 24 h. Weights of water, dry matter and potassium present in the stomach showed a significant decrease in the first 24 h, although the percentage of water in the stomach contents rose slowly over a 48-h period. It is suggested that cattle from pasture need be starved for no more than 24 h to minimize the effect of gut fill for body composition studies.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage given to young growing steers: effect on intake, apparent digestibility and live-weight gains

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sanderson ◽  
C. Thomas ◽  
A. B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

AbstractSeventy-two, 4-month-old, British Friesian steers were used to investigate the effects of feeding a supplement of fish meal on the voluntary intake and live-weight gain by young growing cattle given a well preserved ryegrass silage. The silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50,100 or 150 g fish meal per kg silage dry matter (DM) and the diets were offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM per kg live weight (LW). Intakes were recorded daily, LW weekly and in vivo apparent digestibility over one 7-day period during the 132-day trial.For animals fed ad libitum, the absolute intake of dietary DM increased linearly with an increase in the level of fish-meal supplementation such that intake when the highest level of fish meal was given was significantly higher (P < 0·01) than when silage was given alone. However, DM intake per unit LW (approx. 24 g DM per kg LW) was not affected significantly (P > 0·05).Inclusion of fish meal in the diet did not affect the apparent digestibility of dietary DM, organic matter, acid-detergent or neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) although there was a trend for slightly higher (P > 0·05) gross energy apparent digestibility when fish meal was given. Increasing the level of feeding reduced NDF digestibility. The coefficients measured at the 22 g and ad libitum levels of intake were lower (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 respectively) than that measured at the 16 g DM per kg LW level.Animals given silage alone to appetite achieved LW gains of 0·6 kg/day. LW gains increased linearly with increasing level of feeding (P < 0·001) and increasing level offish-meal supplementation (P < 0·001).

Tissue mobilization rates in male fallow deer (Dama danta) as determined by computed tomography: the effects of natural and enforced food restriction

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Jopson ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
P. F. Fennessy
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Allometric Model ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
B Coefficients

AbstractThe breeding season in temperate species of deer is characterized by the rut, a period of intense sexual activity when the male eats very little and competes for access to females. Males have been reported as losing proportionately up to 0·30 of live weight over a 6- to 8- week period. The majority of the live-weight loss is accounted for in loss of depot fat, with smaller losses in muscle reserves. The effects of body composition, hormone status and season on these changes in fat and muscle reserves were examined in mature fallow bucks (Dama dama).The experiment was conducted in two stages, the ‘rut’ (February to May), and ‘spring’ (June to November). For the ‘rut’ period, bucks were randomly allocated to either ad libitum feeding, entire (HiEnt), matched group feeding, castrated (CAST), or entire bucks restricted to 7·6 kg dry matter per week (LoEnt) treatment groups (no. =4, 4 and 6, respectively). Three bucks from each of the HiEnt and LoEnt groups were selected for the ‘spring’ period. Bucks were given food ad libitum until mid October, whereupon they were restricted to 2·5 kg dry matter per week for 4 weeks (SPRING). Group food intake and individual live weights were measured weekly throughout both, periods. Body composition was measured by computed tomography on five and three occasions during the ‘rut’ and ‘spring’ stages, respectively.Comparisons of the relative losses of total fat and muscle relative to empty body weight (EBW) using the allometric model (y = aXb) revealed significant treatment differences. HiEnt bucks had a high relative rate of fat and a low rate of muscle mobilization (b = 5·23 and 0·38, respectively). Only the CAST group had lower (P < 0·1) b coefficient for fat than the HiEnt group at 2·79. The LoEnt group was the only group in which the b coefficient for muscle (at 1·07) was not significantly lower than 1·0. Visceral organ weight was lost at the same rate as EBW across all treatments. There was no net loss or gain of bone for any treatment group as the b coefficients were not significantly different from zero. Fat depots were analysed relative to the total fat depot using the allometric model. The HiEnt group displayed a pattern of fat mobilization whereby the external depots were mobilized at the greatest relative rate and the internal fat depots at the lowest rate (b coefficients were 1·86, 1·23 and 0·68 for the subcutaneous, intermuscular and internal fat depots, respectively). CAST and SPRING groups were not significantly different from HiEnt bucks in the relative mobilization of fat depots. All fat depots in the LoEnt group were mobilized at the same relative rate as total fat, as the b coefficients were not significantly different from 1·0.

A study of factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Gut Fill

SUMMARYSix diets providing ratios of concentrate to hay of 100 : 0, 95 : 5, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30 and 60 : 40 were given ad libitum to 24 British Friesian steers. The hay (in the long form) was offered separately from the concentrates. From 91 to 136 kg live weight, as the proportion of hay in the diet increased, daily dry-matter intake decreased. Over the weight range, 136 to 363 kg live weight, the addition of small amounts of hay to the concentrate diet caused an increase in intake. At 42 weeks of age a digestibility trial was carried out. Daily drymatter intake was maximal when the diet contained 80% concentrates. The apparent digestibility and mean retention time of the diets increased as the proportion of concentrates increased. Differences in estimated gut fill were not significant. The diet consisting of concentrate only resulted in the lowest concentration of acetic acid and the highest concentration of propionic and butyric acids in the rumen liquor. Net-energy intake tended to increase as the proportion of concentrates increased from 60 to 90% but then remained fairly constant.

The effect of concentrate level on the intakes of silages or hays by ewes in the 1st month of lactation

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Lamb Growth

AbstractIn three experiments, four grass silages and four grass hays were offeredad libitum to a total of 164 Finn Dorset ewes rearing twins in the 1st month of lactation. In addition, one of three constant daily levels (300, 650 or 1000 g fresh weight per ewe) of a barley-based concentrate was offered. In the first experiment, replacement rate of silage with in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of 0·65 was less than for hay (OMD 0·59), at –0·09 v. –0·62 g forage OM per g concentrates OM. Consequently, lamb growth rate was greater and ewe weight loss was less with increased concentrate level for the silage than for the hay. In the second experiment, the replacement rates of three silages (OMD 0·56, 0·60 and 0·67) were not significantly different (mean –0·29) and, once again, increased concentrate level gave significantly better ewe and lamb performance. Finally, the replacement rates for three hays (OMD 0·51, 0·59 and 0·72) were also not significantly different (mean –0·30). Equations are presented to predict the intakes of hays and silages by ewes in early lactation.

Moist barley preserved with acid in the diet of the growing pig

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Perez-Aleman ◽  
D. G. Dempster ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYThe feeding value of moist barley (approximately 27% moisture) which had been treated with 1·3 % of a mixture of formic (70 %) and propionic (30 %) acids was compared with that of dried barley for growing pigs from 23 to 85 kg live weight. Two experiments were undertaken; 96 pigs were fed ad libitum on one of three diets containing dried or acid-treated moist barley and another 48 pigs were individually fed on one of four diets containing dried or acid-treated moist barley in controlled amounts. These amounts were governed by an allowance of dry matter at a certain live weight.In neither experiment were significant differences found between the treatments in growth rate or efficiency of utilization of food dry matter. Pigs fed ad libitum showed no significant difference in intake of dry matter, but those given the diet containing dried barley had a higher content of fat in their carcass than those on the acid-treated barley. A total of 21 pigs, 16 fed ad libitum and all receiving diets containing acid-treated barley had a discolouration of fat in the carcass.

The nutritive value of cooked potato in liquid and creep diets for early-weaned calves

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hinks ◽  
Alison M. Armishaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Potato Flour ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Potato Flake ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARY1. In three experiments, 112 7-day-old British Friesian male calves were used in performance and digestibility trials to evaluate dried cooked potato in liquid and creep diets.2. A 15% depression in growth rate for each 10% inclusion of cooked potato flour in liquid diets was recorded from 4 to 21 days and the faeces of potato-fed calves also tended to be less solid. Over the whole feeding period, liquid diets containing up to 20% potato did not significantly depress performance to weaning at 35 days.3. Only when a liquid diet containing potato starch was introduced prior to 4 weeks of age was daily live-weight gain markedly depressed.4. Incorporating potato starch in milk diets did not influence creep intake.5. Calves offered a creep diet containing 40% cooked potato flake ate less, but grew faster than calves given a diet containing 40% flakedmaize. At constant intakes of creep, daily gains were 14 to 18% greater on the diet containing potato flake.6. The apparent digestibility of gross energy and nitrogen was 0·67 and 0·66 for the flaked maize creep and 0·71 and 0·69 for the potato creep. Digestible energy and digestible nitrogen values were 12·7 MJ and 18·2 g/kg dry matter for the maize diet and 13·0 MJ and 19·0 g/kg dry matter for the flaked potato diet.7. The incidence of bloat was higher for calves fed on potato than for those fed on maize.

The effect of level and type of concentrate and type of conserved forage on dry matter intake and milk production of lactating dairy cows

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
R. F. Weller ◽  
R. J. Elliott ◽  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryBetween weeks 3 and 16 of lactation 191 British Friesians received a basal ration ad libitum of either grass silage (GS), grass and maize silage (GS/MS) blended in a ratio of 1:2 or grass silage and 4% NaOH-treated barley straw (GS/TS) blended in a 4:1 ratio. The grass silage, which was not well preserved, had an estimated metabolizable energy (ME) content of 9–9 MJ/kg D.M., while corresponding values for the GS/MS and GS/TS mixtures were 106 and 9–5 MJ/kg D.M., respectively. A conventional concentrate (CC) based on barley and soyabean meal was fed at three levels (9, 6 and 3 kg fresh weight/day). Although the 9 kg level was only used in conjunction with GS, the two lower levels were fed with all three forage types. Concentrate composition was also varied at the 6 and 3 kg levels by replacing, in each case, 2 kg CC with a special concentrate (SC) which, in addition to barley, wheat and soyabean meal contained, on an air-dry basis, 25 % fishmeal and 25 % protected fat in the form of Megalac

Studies on the shearing of housed pregnant ewes

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
R. H. Armstrong ◽  
I. R. White
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Lamb Growth

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted in successive years with, respectively, 112 and 194 mature Scottish Blackface ewes to study the effects of shearing during pregnancy on lamb birth weight and subsequent growth. In each year half the ewes were shorn approx. 10 weeks before lambing. Shorn and unshorn ewes were offered and consumed equal quantities of food.In both years the shorn ewes lost approx. 2 kg of live weight shortly after shearing (making allowance for the weight of wool removed); thereafter live-weight differences remained relatively constant. Plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations indicated that the initial live-weight loss was probably attributable to short-term increases in heat production and energy expenditure.Respiration rates and rectal temperatures of unshorn ewes were always higher than in shorn ewes, but were not elevated to an extent indicative of heat stress.Shearing had no effect on the birth weights of single or twin lambs, nor was there any effect on lamb growth rate to 14 weeks of age.It is postulated that the effects of shearing on lamb birth weight reported by others working with sheep fed ad libitum are most likely to be due to the increased voluntary food intakes of shorn ewes.

Rapeseed meal, maize-gluten feed and fish meal as protein supplements for maize silage given to growing/finishing Limousin × Holstein Friesian bulls

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
H. F. Grundy ◽  
K. P. A. Wheeler ◽  
R. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gluten Feed

AbstractIn each of three experiments, 60 Limousin × Holstein Friesian bulls, initially of 191, (s..e. 5·0), 177 (s.e. 5·5) and 210 (s.e. 7·2) kg mean live weight for experiments 1, 2 and 3 respectively, were offered maize silage ad libitum plus one of three barley-based, isonitrogenous compound diets containing 200 g rapeseed meal, 575 g maize-gluten feed or 100 g fish meal per kg fresh weight. Compound diets were given at the rate of 3·0 kg (fresh weight) per head per day up to 320 kg live weight and at 3·3 kg per head per day from 320 kg to 420 kg live weight. In experiment 3, when bulls were taken through to slaughter, the compound diet was further increased to 3·5 kg per head per day from 420 kg live weight to slaughter. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted over 128 and 194 days, with mean live weights at the end of the experiments of 347 (s.e. 17·2) and 414 (s.e. 24·2) kg respectively. In experiment 3, bulls were slaughtered at 16 months of age at a mean live weight of 544 (s.e. 25·0) kg.In experiment 1, the fish-meal diet gave the highest rate of daily live-weight gain at 1·34 compared with 1·17 and 1·16 (s.e.d. 0·041) kg for rapeseed-meal and maize-gluten diets, respectively. In experiments 2 and 3, daily gains were similar on all treatments at 1·21, 1·19 and 1·26 (s.e.d. 0·036) kg and 1·06, 1·09 and 1·11 (s.e.d. 0·035) kg for the rapeseed-meal, maize-gluten and fish-meal diets respectively. Total daily dry-matter intakes did not show consistent trends: in experiment 1, intakes were 5·8, 5·6 and 5·8 kg/day, in experiment 2, 6·2, 6·2 and 6·3 kg/day; and in experiment 3, 7·1, 7·3 and 7·1 kg/day for rapeseed-meal, maize-gluten and fish meal, respectively. The higher intakes of dry matter in experiment 3 were due to the greater intakes of maize silage by bulls taken to heavier weights in this experiment.

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