Frontal Behavioral Inventory: Diagnostic Criteria for Frontal Lobe Dementi

ABSTRACT:Objective:To utilize the diagnostic criteria of frontal lobe dementia (FLD).Methods:We studied 12 patients with FLD diagnosed clinically, with radiological confirmation in 10 and autopsy confirmation in 2; sixteen patients with Alzheimer's disease matched for stage and severity to FLD and 11 patients with depressive dementia were used as control groups. A 24-item Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) using the most relevant behavioral manifestations of FLD was administered in these populations.Results:FLD patient scores on the FBI were much higher compared with control groups (AD and DD). Item analysis showed loss of insight, indifference, distractibility, personal neglect and apathy as the most frequent negative symptoms. Perseveration, disinhibition, inappropriateness, impulsivity, and irresponsibility were the most significant positive symptoms. An operational definition of FLD included a minimum FBI score of 27. Only one false positive was shown in the depressive group and none among the AD group, indicating little overlap between patient groups, and a high discriminating value of the FBI.Conclusions:The FBI appears to be a useful diagnostic instrument and a method to operate the behavioral criteria of FLD. Further prospective studies are warranted to establish validity.

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Comparison of the 2010 and 2019 diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) in two cohorts of Swedish older adults

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-021-02533-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ola Wallengren ◽

Ingvar Bosaeus ◽

Kerstin Frändin ◽

Lauren Lissner ◽

Hanna Falk Erhag ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Reference Population ◽

Operational Definition ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

T Score ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

European Working ◽

Definition Of

Abstract Background The operational definition of sarcopenia has been updated (EWGSOP2) and apply different cut-off points compared to previous criteria (EWGSOP1). Therefore, we aim to compare the sarcopenia prevalence and the association with mortality and dependence in activities of daily living using the 2010 (EWGSOP1 and 2019 (EWGSOP2 operational definition, applying cut-offs at two levels using T-scores. Methods Two birth cohorts, 70 and 85-years-old (n = 884 and n = 157, respectively), were assessed cross-sectionally (57% women). Low grip strength, low muscle mass and slow gait speed were defined below − 2.0 and − 2.5 SD from a young reference population (T-score). Muscle mass was defined as appendicular lean soft tissue index by DXA. The EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 were applied and compared with McNemar tests and Cohen’s kappa. All-cause mortality was analyzed with the Cox-proportional hazard model. Results Sarcopenia prevalence was 1.4–7.8% in 70-year-olds and 42–62% in 85 years-old’s, depending on diagnostic criteria. Overall, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 0.9–1.0 percentage points lower using the EWGSOP2 compared to EWGSOP1 when applying uniform T-score cut-offs (P < 0.005). The prevalence was doubled (15.0 vs. 7.5%) using the − 2.0 vs. -2.5 T-scores with EWGSOP2 in the whole sample. The increase in prevalence when changing the cut-offs was 5.7% (P < 0.001) in the 70-year-olds and 17.8% (P < 0.001) in the 85-year-olds (EWGSP2). Sarcopenia with cut-offs at − 2.5 T-score was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio 2.4–2.8, P < 0.05) but not at T-score − 2.0. Conclusions The prevalence of sarcopenia was higher in 85-year-olds compared to 70-year-olds. Overall, the differences between the EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 classifications are small. Meaningful differences between EWGSOP1 and 2 in the 85-year-olds could not be ruled out. Prevalence was more dependent on cut-offs than on the operational definition.

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Neurocognitive correlates of recovery from schizophrenia

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291705004575 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (8) ◽

pp. 1165-1173 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

ALEX KOPELOWICZ ◽

ROBERT P. LIBERMAN ◽

JOSEPH VENTURA ◽

ROBERTO ZARATE ◽

JIM MINTZ

Keyword(s):

Visual Processing ◽

Cognitive Remediation ◽

Verbal Working Memory ◽

Operational Definition ◽

Neurocognitive Tests ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Definition Of ◽

Frontal Lobe Functioning ◽

Normal Controls

Background. Evidence has mounted that some patients with schizophrenia experience remission of symptoms and restoration of social and vocational functioning. The purpose of this study was to identify neurocognitive variables associated with recovery from schizophrenia.Method. Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and who met our operational definition of recovery from schizophrenia underwent a battery of neurocognitive tests. These subjects were matched with schizophrenia patients who did not meet recovery criteria (‘non-recovered’) and with normal controls.Results. On tests of executive functioning, verbal fluency and verbal working memory, recovered subjects performed significantly better than non-recovered subjects and were comparable to normal controls. Patient groups did not differ on a test that assessed early visual processing, but both groups performed significantly worse than normal controls.Conclusions. Three measures of frontal lobe functioning appear to be neurocognitive domains associated with recovery from schizophrenia. These findings help narrow the search for targets for cognitive remediation that may have implications for improving community functioning.

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The neuropathologic diagnostic criteria of frontal lobe dementia revisited. A study of ten consecutive cases

Journal of Neural Transmission Supplement - New Trends in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Non-Alzheimer’s Dementia ◽

10.1007/978-3-7091-6892-9_3 ◽

1996 ◽

pp. 47-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. J. Hauw ◽

C. Duyckaerts ◽

D. Seilhean ◽

S. Camilleri ◽

V. Sazdovitch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Frontal Lobe ◽

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Frontal Lobe Dementia

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Psychometric properties and diagnostic criteria of Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS) in schizophrenia

V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY ◽

10.31363/2313-7053-2021-1-33-41 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 33-41

Author(s):

M. V. Assanovich ◽

V. A. Karpiuk

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

High Reliability ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Modern Concept ◽

Psychometric Analysis ◽

Definition Of ◽

Negative Syndrome ◽

Age Range

The Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS) is one of the most widely used clinical assessment tools for negative symptoms.The purpose of this study was psychometric analysis and modification of the SANS with the definition of criteria for assessing the severity of negative symptoms in the dynamics of therapy in patients with schizophrenia.Material and methods: The study involved 157 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the age range of participants ranged from 18 to 59 years. Psychometric analysis was done on the base of the Rush measurement with the definition of criteria for assessing the severity of negative symptoms based on the index of minimum detectable changes for 95% probability (Minimum detectable change95%— MDC95%).Results: Five SANS diagnostic items with low construct validity were identified. The technique was modified by excluding these invalid items. SANS was modified by eliminating of 5 invalid items. The modified version of SANS demonstrated high reliability (reliability index = 0.97) and discriminativeness (the ability to differentiate 12 metric levels of severity of negative symptoms). Factor analysis revealed the heterogeneity of the metric structure of the technique: points in the first group reflect the impoverishment of speech and emotional manifestations, points in the second group reflect the decrease of the patient’s involvement in various activities and restriction of social interaction. Thus, the two-dimensional structure of the SANS scale (“expression” factor and “motivation” factor) is fully consistent with the modern concept of negative symptoms, which allows to consider the total SANS score as an indicator of the severity of the negative syndrome construct. In the course of the metric analysis, the criteria for assessing the severity of negative symptoms in the dynamics of the therapy were determined.Conclusion: The modified version of SANS has adequate psychometric characteristics. The diagnostic criteria are suitable for use in clinical practice and research.

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Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework

Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie ◽

10.1024/1016-264x/a000255 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 109-122

Author(s):

Aleksandar Bulajić ◽

Miomir Despotović ◽

Thomas Lachmann

Keyword(s):

Adult Education ◽

Operational Definition ◽

Literacy Skills ◽

Point Of View ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Functional Illiteracy ◽

Scale Levels ◽

Components Of Reading ◽

The One ◽

Definition Of

Abstract. The article discusses the emergence of a functional literacy construct and the rediscovery of illiteracy in industrialized countries during the second half of the 20th century. It offers a short explanation of how the construct evolved over time. In addition, it explores how functional (il)literacy is conceived differently by research discourses of cognitive and neural studies, on the one hand, and by prescriptive and normative international policy documents and adult education, on the other hand. Furthermore, it analyses how literacy skills surveys such as the Level One Study (leo.) or the PIAAC may help to bridge the gap between cognitive and more practical and educational approaches to literacy, the goal being to place the functional illiteracy (FI) construct within its existing scale levels. It also sheds more light on the way in which FI can be perceived in terms of different cognitive processes and underlying components of reading. By building on the previous work of other authors and previous definitions, the article brings together different views of FI and offers a perspective for a needed operational definition of the concept, which would be an appropriate reference point for future educational, political, and scientific utilization.

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“The Unconscious” in Current Psychology

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040/a000017 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 193-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Elisabeth Norman

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Psychology ◽

Verbal Report ◽

Psychological Research ◽

Operational Definition ◽

The Unconscious ◽

Apparent Lack ◽

Unconscious Processing ◽

Unconscious Processes ◽

Intermediate States ◽

Definition Of

A series of vignette examples taken from psychological research on motivation, emotion, decision making, and attitudes illustrates how the influence of unconscious processes is often measured in a range of different behaviors. However, the selected studies share an apparent lack of explicit operational definition of what is meant by consciousness, and there seems to be substantial disagreement about the properties of conscious versus unconscious processing: Consciousness is sometimes equated with attention, sometimes with verbal report ability, and sometimes operationalized in terms of behavioral dissociations between different performance measures. Moreover, the examples all seem to share a dichotomous view of conscious and unconscious processes as being qualitatively different. It is suggested that cognitive research on consciousness can help resolve the apparent disagreement about how to define and measure unconscious processing, as is illustrated by a selection of operational definitions and empirical findings from modern cognitive psychology. These empirical findings also point to the existence of intermediate states of conscious awareness, not easily classifiable as either purely conscious or purely unconscious. Recent hypotheses from cognitive psychology, supplemented with models from social, developmental, and clinical psychology, are then presented all of which are compatible with the view of consciousness as a graded rather than an all-or-none phenomenon. Such a view of consciousness would open up for explorations of intermediate states of awareness in addition to more purely conscious or purely unconscious states and thereby increase our understanding of the seemingly “unconscious” aspects of mental life.

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An Analysis of the Demand for Reporting on Internal Control

Accounting Horizons ◽

10.2308/acch.2000.14.3.325 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 325-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Heather M. Hermanson

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Financial Reporting ◽

Internal Control ◽

Operational Definition ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Individual Investors ◽

Internal Auditors ◽

Additional Information ◽

User Groups ◽

Definition Of

The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand for reporting on internal control. Nine financial statement user groups were identified and surveyed to determine whether they agree that: (1) management reports on internal control (MRIC) are useful, (2) MRICs influence decisions, and (3) financial reporting is improved by adding MRICs. In addition, the paper examined whether responses varied based on: (1) the definition of internal control used (manipulated as broad, operational definition vs. narrow, financial-reporting definition) and (2) user group. The results indicate that financial statement users agree that internal controls are important. Respondents agreed that voluntary MRICs improved controls and provided additional information for decision making. Respondents also agreed that mandatory MRICs improved controls, but did not agree about their value for decision making. Using a broad definition of controls, respondents strongly agreed that MRICs improved controls and provided a better indicator of a company's long-term viability. Executive respondents were less likely to agree about the value of MRICs than individual investors and internal auditors.

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Shape Dynamics and the Linking Theory

10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0012 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Flavio Mercati

Keyword(s):

Phase Space ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Line Element ◽

Hamiltonian Formulation ◽

Operational Definition ◽

Extended Phase Space ◽

Extended Phase ◽

Problem Of Time ◽

Definition Of ◽

Matter Fields

This chapter explains in detail the current Hamiltonian formulation of SD, and the concept of Linking Theory of which (GR) and SD are two complementary gauge-fixings. The physical degrees of freedom of SD are identified, the simple way in which it solves the problem of time and the problem of observables in quantum gravity are explained, and the solution to the problem of constructing a spacetime slab from a solution of SD (and the related definition of physical rods and clocks) is described. Furthermore, the canonical way of coupling matter to SD is introduced, together with the operational definition of four-dimensional line element as an effective background for matter fields. The chapter concludes with two ‘structural’ results obtained in the attempt of finding a construction principle for SD: the concept of ‘symmetry doubling’, related to the BRST formulation of the theory, and the idea of ‘conformogeometrodynamics regained’, that is, to derive the theory as the unique one in the extended phase space of GR that realizes the symmetry doubling idea.

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