Território ribeirinho e a reprimarização do açaí: O caso da várzea de Abaetetuba/PA

O presente artigo discute os aspectos da territorialidade ribeirinha de Abaetetuba, no estado do Pará, com foco na produção do açaí (Euterpe oleracea) no município de Abaetetuba, considerando a importân­cia do açaí como base alimentar dos ribeirinhos do município, assim como o consumo em várias escalas. A pesquisa objetiva analisar a territorialidade ribeirinha na inserção do açaí na lógica de reprimarização da economia no município. Foram realizadas quinze entrevistas com pessoas que atuam diariamente nos elos da cadeia produtiva do açaí, realizadas nos meses de julho e agosto de 2021, com intuito de identificar a realidade atual produtiva do produto, frente o aumento da demanda e consequentemente a pressão exercida na várzea para garantir a oferta. A pesquisa mostra que a conscientização ambiental não alcança de maneira homogênea os agentes que atuam nos elos das cadeias, mas sim que há um distanciamento significativo por parte de quem não mora nas ilhas. Já os ribeirinhos em si possuem esta consciência, porém há uma apropriação das relações de ancestralidade que existem entorno do açaí, pelo neoextrati­vismo e que mantém a tendência monucultural do açaí, considerando que essa estratégia tende minimi­zar as possibilidades de conflito pelo uso do território ribeirinho, em função de ter sido implantado por meio de uma atividade produtiva de cunho ancestral, com isso se mantém as relações desiguais que a reprimarização necessita para se consolidar na várzea de Abaetetuba. Palavras-chave: Território; ribeirinho; açaí; reprimarização da economia; Abaetetuba. Abstract This paper discusses the aspects of ribeirinho territoriality of Abaetetuba in the Brazilian state of Pará, focusing on the production of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) in Abaetetuba municipality, considering the importance of açaí as the food base of the ribeirinho dwellers, as well as its consumption at various scale levels. The research aims to analyze the municipality’s ribeirinho territoriality in terms of the insertion of açaí in the logic of reprimarization of the local economy. Fifteen interviews were conducted with people who work daily in the links of the açaí production chain in the months of July and August 2021, in order to identify the current productive reality of the fruit, in face of the trend of incrementing both the demand and the pressure exerted on the floodplain to guarantee supply. The research shows that the environmental awareness does not reach homogeneously the agents that act in the links of the chains, but that there is a significant distancing on the part of those who do not live on the local space. The ribeirinho dwellers themselves show this awareness, but there is an appropriation of açaí’s ancestral relations by neoextractivism, and this maintains the monocultural trend of the fruit, considering that this strategy tends to minimize the possibilities of conflict for the use of ribeirinho territory, because it was implemented through a productive activity of ancestral nature, thus maintaining the unequal relations that reprimarization needs to consolidate itself in the floodplain of Abaetetuba. Keywords: Territory; ribeirinhos; açaí; reprimarization of the economy; Abaetetuba. El territorio ribereño y la reprimarización del açaí: El caso de la llanura de inundación de Abaetetuba (PA) Resumen Este trabajo discute los aspectos de la territorialidad ribereña de Abaetetuba, en el estado brasileño de Pará, centrándose en la producción delaçaí (Euterpe oleracea) en el municipio de Abaetetuba, conside­rando la importancia del açaí como base alimenticia de los ribereños delaciudad, así como el consumo de ello en diversas escalas. La investigaciónpretendeanalizar la territorialidad ribereña en la inserción del açaí en la lógica de reprimarización de la economía en el municipio. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas a personas que trabajan diariamente en posiciones de la cadena productiva del açaí, realizadas en los meses de julio y agosto de 2021, con el fin de identificar la realidad productiva actual del fruto, frente al aumento de la demanda y, en consecuencia, de la presión ejercida sobre la llanura de inundación para garantizar el su­ministro. La investigación muestra que la concienciación medioambiental no llega de forma homogénea a los agentes que actúan en los anillos de la cadena, sino que hay un distanciamiento significativo por parte de los que no viven en el espacio. Los propios ribereños tienen esta conciencia, pero hay una apro­piación de las relaciones ancestrales que existen en torno al açaí, por parte del neoextractivismo,lo que mantiene la tendencia monocultural del açaí, considerando que esta estrategia tiende a minimizar las po­sibilidades de conflicto por el uso del territorio ribereño, debido a que se han desplegado a través de una actividad productiva de carácter ancestral, con esto se mantienen las relaciones desiguales que la repri­marización necesita para consolidarse en la llanura de inundación de Abaetetuba. Palabras clave: Territorio; Ribereño; Açaí; Reprimarización de la economía; Abaetetuba.

Tonality or Atonality in Bartók’s Sonata for Violin and Piano no. 2? From Folk Modalities to a Twelve-tone Language

External political circumstances as well as Bartók’s personal activities in the early 1920s were decisive in contributing to the expansion of the basic principles of his musical language. Bartók’s Second Sonata for Violin and Piano (1922) may be considered a focal point in his evolution toward ultramodernism. Concomitant with this tendency, both Sonatas for Violin and Piano of this period have become paradigmatic of the controversial notion set forth by certain scholars regarding the existence of an atonal Bartók idiom. Within the ultramodernist style of the Second Sonata, the essence of Eastern-European folk music is still very much in evidence. The intention of this article is to show how Bartók’s move toward synthesis of varied folk and art-music elements in this work produces a sense of an organic connection between atonality and tonality. The close connection between these two principles was suggested by Bartók in an essay of 1920. I intend to show how both contradictory principles are conjoined within a highly complex polymodal idiom based on the tendency toward equalization of the twelve tones. Within the stanzaic structure of the Romanian “long song,” stylistic elements of recitation, improvisation, and declamation are essential in the gradual unfolding between these two contrasting concepts of pitch organization. Despite tonal ambiguity on both local and large-scale levels, the sense of polymodal tonality is ultimately established as primary.

Permutation Entropy as a Universal Disorder Criterion: How Disorders at Different Scale Levels Are Manifestations of the Same Underlying Principle

What do bacteria, cells, organs, people, and social communities have in common? At first sight, perhaps not much. They involve totally different agents and scale levels of observation. On second thought, however, perhaps they share everything. A growing body of literature suggests that living systems at different scale levels of observation follow the same architectural principles and process information in similar ways. Moreover, such systems appear to respond in similar ways to rising levels of stress, especially when stress levels approach near-lethal levels. To explain such communalities, we argue that all organisms (including humans) can be modeled as hierarchical Bayesian controls systems that are governed by the same biophysical principles. Such systems show generic changes when taxed beyond their ability to correct for environmental disturbances. Without exception, stressed organisms show rising levels of ‘disorder’ (randomness, unpredictability) in internal message passing and overt behavior. We argue that such changes can be explained by a collapse of allostatic (high-level integrative) control, which normally synchronizes activity of the various components of a living system to produce order. The selective overload and cascading failure of highly connected (hub) nodes flattens hierarchical control, producing maladaptive behavior. Thus, we present a theory according to which organic concepts such as stress, a loss of control, disorder, disease, and death can be operationalized in biophysical terms that apply to all scale levels of organization. Given the presumed universality of this mechanism, ‘losing control’ appears to involve the same process anywhere, whether involving bacteria succumbing to an antibiotic agent, people suffering from physical or mental disorders, or social systems slipping into warfare. On a practical note, measures of disorder may serve as early warning signs of system failure even when catastrophic failure is still some distance away.

Influence of Carbon Agglomerate Formation on Micropollutants Removal in Combined PAC-Membrane Filtration Processes for Advanced Wastewater Treatment

Micropollutants (MPs) are ubiquitous in wastewater and are not effectively removed by the existing conventional treatment processes, resulting in increased environmental pollution. Nowadays, dosing of powdered activated carbon (PAC) prior to membrane filtration has emerged as an advanced wastewater treatment method for MPs removal. This study investigated the carbon agglomerate formation in the PAC stock suspension and its influence on MPs removal in PAC-capillary membrane filtration processes at both lab- and pilot-scale levels. Both lab- and pilot-scale membrane filtration results revealed that MPs removal efficiency is affected with the increase of PAC concentration in the stock suspension. For example, one of the investigated pilot tests showed a significantly reduced removal of good adsorbable MPs (from 57 to 17%) when stock suspension concentration was increased from 0.2 to 20 g/L. It is assumed that PAC agglomerates led to a slower adsorption kinetic and an inhomogeneous distribution of PAC in the membrane system. Maintaining PAC concentration in the stock suspension as low as possible (below 0.2 g/L for investigated PAC) certainly would help to avoid agglomeration problems and enhance the overall performance of the processes.

Multi-scale assessment and mapping of anthropogenic impacts on the atmosphere

The authors present a method of multi-scale integrated assessment of anthropogenic impact on the atmospheric air as part of a comprehensive environmental assessment of the European states territory. Multiscale assessment enables identifying areas of the greatest impact and determining the relations between objects of administrative-territorial division. The methodology is based on the aggregation of indicators of human exposure to atmospheric air at various scale levels. For a multi-scale assessment of the anthropogenic impact, 3 levels of research were selected

Fractal Analysis of Interval Series of Prime Numbers

The paper presents a fractal analysis of interval series, the members of which are consecutive deviations of natural prime numbers. Fractal analysis, which has been in full force since the end of the last century, has made it possible to identify new, unusual properties of geometric and physical objects and processes, including predicting the behavior of time and spatial series. The combination of two structural blocks - the spatial interval series of increasing power and the fractal set made it possible to apply the fractal technique to the study of the sequence of intervals. With its help, the idea of the phenomenon of intervals of prime numbers as a structure that does not contradict the nature of most natural phenomena is expanded. Using the Hurst method and scaling it is established that the appearance of intervals of prime numbers is not random. With restrictions on the available computer memory, criteria-based estimates of interval series of different capacities were carried out and it was found that they have the properties of scale invariance, multifractality and self-similarity. The performed estimates confirm that the continuum of primes at all scale levels belongs to fractal sets.

Knowledge Extraction from Open Data Repository

The explosion of affluent social networks, online communities, and jointly generated information resources has accelerated the convergence of technological and social networks producing environments that reveal both the framework of the underlying information arrangements and the collective formation of their members. In studying the consequences of these developments, we face the opportunity to analyze the POD repository at unprecedented scale levels and extract useful information from query log data. This chapter aim is to improve the performance of a POD repository from a different point of view. Firstly, we propose a novel query recommender system to help users shorten their query sessions. The idea is to find shortcuts to speed up the user interaction with the open data repository and decrease the number of queries submitted. The proposed model, based on pseudo-relevance feedback, formalizes exploiting the knowledge mined from query logs to help users rapidly satisfy their information need.

Effective Removal of Cr(VI) from Wastewater Using Biochar Derived from Walnut Shell

Heavy metals are the major concern of the modern age. Among the heavy metals, chromium (Cr(VI)) is regarded as a highly toxic heavy metal released largely from leather tanning operations. To remove such high concentrations of Cr(VI), an advanced method is required urgently. Thus, biosorption using biochar, which is an organic material produced from various sources such as walnut shell, can be applied successfully for Cr(VI) abatement. The major objectives of this experiment were the remediation of the Cr(VI) heavy metal using walnut shell biochar and checking of the effect of pH, biochar dosage, Cr level, and shaking time. Remediation of Cr(VI) using walnut shell biochar was proved to be effective and removed the maximum concentration of Cr(VI) up to 93% at pH 5.5, 2 h agitation time, and the biochar amount of 1.1 g L−1 from an aqueous solution. Equilibrium modeling demonstrated that the chemisorption process was involved in adsorption of Cr(VI). The surface of the biochar was porous and provided numerous sites for Cr(VI) attachment, which was also confirmed by the presence of Cr(VI) onto the biochar after adsorption. Hence, the use of walnut shell biochar was highly effective as a sorbent, which could conveniently be applied to small-scale as well as large-scale levels.

Multiscale Three-Dimensional Morphological Characterization of Calcareous Sand Particles Using Spherical Harmonic Analysis

Particle morphology is a fundamental inherent property that substantially affects the macroscopic behavior of granular materials. The division and separation of particle morphology at different scale levels contributes to the further multiscale morphology related orthogonal researches. In this context, the high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomographic (X-CT) scanning and spherical harmonic (SH) analysis were combined to complete the precise and digitized reconstruction of sand particles. The 3D sphericity, roundness and roughness were introduced to define the particle morphology at three scale levels (the general shape, local angularity and surface textures). Two typical sand particles, Calcareous sand (CS) and Fujian sand (FS), were tested in this study. The results showed that the irregularity, angularity and roughness of CS is higher than that of FS, and the multiscale morphological features of the two types of natural sand were given and compared digitally.

Improvement of structural efficiency in metals by the control of topological arrangements in ultrafine and coarse grains

Improvement of structural efficiency in various materials is critically important for sustainable society development and the efficient use of natural resources. Recently, a lot of attention in science and engineering has been attracted to heterogeneous-structure materials because of high structural efficiency. However, strategies for the efficient design of heterogenous structures are still in their infancy therefore demanding extensive exploration. In this work, two-dimensional finite-element models for pure nickel with bimodal distributions of grain sizes having ‘harmonic’ and ‘random’ spatial topological arrangements of coarse and ultrafine-grain areas are developed. The bimodal random-structure material shows heterogeneities in stress–strain distributions at all scale levels developing immediately upon loading, which leads to developing concentrations of strain and premature global plastic instability. The bimodal harmonic-structure material demonstrates strength and ductility significantly exceeding those in the bimodal random-structure as well as expectations from a rule of mixtures. The strain hardening rates also significantly exceed those in homogeneous materials while being primarily controlled by coarse-grain phase at the early, by ultrafine-grain at the later and by their compatible straining at the intermediate stages of loading. The study emphasises the importance of topological ultrafine-/coarse-grain distributions, and the continuity of the ultrafine-grain skeleton in particular.