The Importance of Gerard of Csanád as the First Author in Hungary

Traditio ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 376-386
Author(s):  
Zoltan J. Kosztolnyik
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Venerable Bede ◽  
The Middle Ages

Early Hungarian history is so poor in sources of contemporary origin that any work written and any writer living in the early Árpádian age is bound to provide information on the period — the beginnings of the Hungarian Christian kingdom of the Middle Ages. The Venetian-born Benedictine monk, Gerard, who from 1030 to his death in 1046 occupied as its first bishop the see of Csanád, is one of these writers. Gerard is not an historian in the true sense of the term. He is no Gregory of Tours, no Venerable Bede. He was a learned, western-educated ecclesiastic who in his theological writings left many a side remark on his age and on the political and social background of his religious activities in Hungary from the mid-1020s through the mid-1040s. His major theological treatise on the Song of Daniel, hisAdmonitionesto the heir of King Stephen on the Hungarian throne, and his participation in compiling the legal statutes enacted by Stephen and his council make him, beside the king, the most important historical personage of Hungarian history of the time. His works together with thevita minorand the biography of King Stephen by Bishop Hartvic form a valuable source of historical information. His own life is covered by a short though trustworthyvitacomposed in the early 1080s.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Segregation or Choice?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristella Botticini ◽  
Zvi Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter assesses the argument that both their exclusion from craft and merchant guilds and usury bans on Christians segregated European Jews into moneylending during the Middle Ages. Already during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, moneylending was the occupation par excellence of the Jews in England, France, and Germany and one of the main professions of the Jews in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and other locations in western Europe. Based on the historical information and the economic theory presented in earlier chapters, the chapter advances an alternative explanation that is consistent with the salient features that mark the history of the Jews: the Jews in medieval Europe voluntarily entered and later specialized in moneylending because they had the key assets for being successful players in credit markets—capital, networking, literacy and numeracy, and contract-enforcement institutions.

scholarly journals Processo judicial e poder político: práticas inquisitoriais no julgamento de condenação de Joana D’Arc

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-221
Author(s):  
C. C. TOLENTINO ◽  
Paulo Eduardo A. SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Political ◽  
Joan Of Arc ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
The Middle Ages

Records on the trial and sentencing for heresy of French warrior Joan of Arc dating to 1431 have been studied by a variety of fields. The present work explores the primary sources and several of these studies in the aim of analyzing the political significance of the forms adopted during the trial. From a perspective poised between the history of law and procedural law, the article clarifies aspects of the practical functioning of the Roman Canon inquisitorial procedure at the end of the Middle Ages, and, more widely, the phenomenon of the capillarization of the political power by means of the production of truth. The article concludes that, although Joan of Arc’s trial was clearly politically motivated, several of its dimensions correspond to the procedural practices of the time, leading us to an understanding that the influence of power over trials does not necessarily manifest in a direct violation of procedural rules, but rather in their very design and the ways in which they are put into operation.

scholarly journals Coins of Andraba city -Study in the history of the political city-: مسكوكات مدينة أَنْدَرابَة -دراسة في تاريخ المدينة السياسي-

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Hassan Suhail
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Abbasid Caliphate ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Silver Metal

  In the Islamic era through the inscription of  he economic and political history of the city Andiraba  of the  Code of money multiplied by the city's historical information codified for the first time did not record it contemporary historical sources, the study showed that the city rotation on its local families governor the authority of the 'Abbasid caliphate under the supervision of the samanid principality that ruled the territory  is an important financial center in Andiraba what is behind the river period (261-389e/874-998m),the city  of  Islamic era, where it mines silver metal silver center Lasik dirhams in the territory of the Islamic East without the money to the princes of the city and the dates of their judgment as well as the names of the rulers of the Islamic Emirates that ruled the Islamic East in the Middle Ages     

History of the Church

2015 ◽  
pp. 148-176
Author(s):  
Ram Ben-Shalom
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter focuses on stories of saints and popes as presented by Jews. In the Middle Ages, the Church had a significant place in Jewish life. The fragile coexistence of Jews and Christians was based on the Augustinian idea of ‘tolerance’, which left room for Jews in the Christian world. Hence, Jewish comments and observations, based on a large and varied number of Christian sources, provide a lot of information about the Church's impact on the Jews' historical consciousness. A considerable portion of the historical information about the Church was acquired from Christian exempla and hagiography, and it is interesting that Jews often used this material in their own exempla.

scholarly journals Martyrdom of John of Phanijoit MS Vat - Copt. 69, fols 40r-55v

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-819
Author(s):  
L. R. Frangulian
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Muslim Woman ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

This is the first translation into Russian of the “Martyrdom of John of Phanijoit”. The text is written in Coptic and originates from the beginning of the 13th cent. AD. The translation is preceded by an introduction, which comprises the history of the research as well as lists all the modern editions and translations of the “Martyrdom”. It is pointed out that there are some doubts about the original language of the text: some scholars argue that it could have been Arabic. There are also different speculations regarding the motives, which prompted the author to use Coptic, although at that time the Egyptian Christians almost completely switched to Arabic in everyday life. The composition of the “Martyrdom” follows the hagiographic canon, however, some expected topoi are missing. Among those are the torture of the Saint, the intervention of Heavenly Forces to strengthen the martyr. The main character in the “Martyrdom” is John, the flax seller. Having married a Muslim woman, he converted from Christianity to Islam. The narrative deals with what happened to John, when he decided to return to Christianity openly. The author of “Martyrdom” was a contemporary of the martyr and likely witnessed the events he described. Some of the characters mentioned in the “Martyrdom” are not fictitious but did exist indeed. All this makes the text a valuable source for the history of the Eastern Christianity in the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquest

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Asma Barlas
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
The One ◽  
The Middle Ages

Perhaps one would not expect a history of “Islamic rule” in the seventh andeighth centuries in what is now the Middle East to illuminate any contemporarydebate on Islam, in particular about whether there is an innate civilizationalclash between it and the (Christian) West. And yet this modeststudy manages to do that, if only tangentially and coincidentally, and if readwith some reservations.Cambridge historians are renowned for their preoccupation with elites,generally of provinces far removed from the centers of power, and hencetheir single-minded focus on the “politics of notables” of relatively minorlocalities. From such provincial concerns, however, emerge more universalclaims about, for instance, the nature of British colonial rule in India or ofIslamic rule in the Middle Ages. Chase Robinson, following this tradition,assesses – as “critic and architect” – the changing status of Christian andMuslim elites following the Muslim conquest of northern Mesopotamia.Three themes are implicit: the interrelationship of history and historiography,the effects of the Muslim conquest, and the nature of Islam. Thus, Iwill review it thematically as well. I should point out that I engage his workas a generalist, not as a historian, and that I am interested not so much in hisretelling of events as in the political meanings with which he endows them.(Re)writing History. To reconstruct a past about which there is such adearth of primary period sources is at best hazardous. For one, where documentssuch as conquest treaties exist, they have little truth-value, saysRobinson. He thus specifies that he is concerned less with their accuracythan with how they were perceived to have governed relations between localMuslims/imperial authorities, on the one hand, and Christians on the other.For another, conquest history in fact “describes post-conquest history.” Thusthe “conquest past” is a re-presentation of events from a post-conquest present,an exercise in which Christians and Muslims had an equal stake sincethe “conquest past could serve to underpin [their] authority alike.”Historians then must disentangle events from their own narration, or at leastrecognize the ways in which recording events also reframes them.Fortunately for him, says Robinson, his work was enabled by that of al-Azdi, a tenth-century Muslim historian. However, even as he admits that ...

scholarly journals Francesca Bregoli, Mediterranean Enlightenment. Livornese Jews, Tuscan Culture, and Eighteenth-Century Reform (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014)

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Tani
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Political ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Middle Ages

Tuscany has a long history of Semitic presence within its territory. Phoenicians during the Etruscan times, Jews and Arabs as of the Middle Ages: they all have played a key-role in the political, economic and cultural history of Tuscany.

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages
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