Belief and practice as illustrated by John XXII’s excommunication of Robert Bruce

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind M. T. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ecclesiastical Administration ◽  
Eternal Salvation ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Way

The sentence of excommunication was the ultimate spiritual deterrent available to the medieval Church. It was designed to be completely terrifying, and to the devout mind it probably was. In theory, it cut the offender off not only from his hope of eternal salvation but, as many a person found to his cost, from all contacts which made mortal life bearable, or indeed possible. But theory, as father Logan has shown us, is not the same thing as practice. The effectiveness of the sentence was limited both by the character of the person afflicted and, to some extent, by his social position. A king could get away with a good deal, and, for lesser men, the existence of the writ de excommunicato capiendo tacitly acknowledged the fact that a royal prison might be a more effective inducement to repentance than the terrors of the Church’s ban. To some extent the Church itself had asked for trouble by cheapening the sentence. Many a modern librarian must wish for a suitably unpleasant punishment for those who borrow books and fail to return them, but when we find a bishop of Lincoln ordering the excommunication, after trina monitio, of all those who have failed to return a book borrowed from Master John of Dersingham, we may wonder whether a sledgehammer were not being used to crack a nut.John XXII’s excommunication, in 1318, of Robert Bruce certainly does not fall into the category of excommunication for trivial causes, whatever one may think of the rights of the case, but the way in which the pope attempted, and Bruce frustrated, the execution of the sentence provides an interesting example of the difference between theory and practice in matters of ecclesiastical administration. The pope started from the assumption that Bruce was a lawful and distinguished subject of the king of England who had regrettably defected from his allegiance.

Church Discipline in the Later Middle Ages: the Priors of Durham as Archdeacons

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 95-105
Author(s):  
Margaret Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Church Discipline ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Church Courts ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Way

It is often forgotten that the medieval Church imposed public penance and reconciliation by law. The discipline was administered by the church courts, among which one of the most important, because it acted at local level, was that of the archdeacon. In the later Middle Ages and certainly by 1435, the priors of Durham were archdeacons in all the churches appropriated to the monastery. The priors had established their rights in Durham County by the early fourteenth century and in Northumberland slightly later. Although the origins of this peculiar jurisdiction were long ago unravelled by Barlow, there is no full account of how it worked in practice. Yet it is not difficult from the Durham archives to elicit a coherent account, with examples, of the way penance and ecclesiastical justice were administered from day to day in the Durham area in this period. The picture that emerges from these documents, though not in itself unusual, is nevertheless valuable and affords an extraordinary degree of detail which is missing from other places, where the evidence no longer exists. This study should complement the recent work by Larry Poos for Lincoln and Wisbech, drawing attention to an institution which would reward further research. It is only possible here to outline what the court did and how and why it was used.

The Marcan Framework

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-294
Author(s):  
Harry Sawyerr
Keyword(s):  
Early Church ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Passion Narrative ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Difference ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
Early Compilation ◽  
The Church ◽  
Vital Element ◽  
The Way

In 1932, Professor Dodd published in the Expository Times an article on ‘The Order of Events in St. Mark's Gospel' which broke fresh ground in the Study of that Gospel. Dr Dodd then stated that in planning the first ten chapters St. Mark had a skeleton outline of our Lord's earthly career which he broke up into what now stand as editorial summaries. This outline he suggested was in the nature of a summary of the kerygma and approximated to the Petrine speech of Acts 10.37–41 or the Pauline speech in Acts 13.23–31. Into this outline were inserted the pericopae Mark collected sometimes on a historical, and at other times on a topical basis. This hypothesis held the field for a considerable time but it has recently been questioned by Professor Nineham in an examination of Dr Dodd's hypothesis in his contribution to Studies in the Gospels published in 1955. Indeed Professor Nineham takes the line that the presupposition of such a skeleton outline of our Lord's ministry which Mark used in the way Dr Dodd suggests is ‘highly improbable’.1 He questions the probability of such an outline having been preserved by the early Church. Referring to the changes in the Marcan pattern which both Matthew and Luke felt free to introduce when using St. Mark's Gospel as a basis, and to the difference in outlook between St. John's Gospel and the Synoptics, he concludes: ‘It does not appear that the precise order in which the saving events occurred seemed to the early Christian mind a very vital element in the saving proclamation or kerygma.'2 Professor Nineham is of course prepared to admit that the Passion narrative is in a class by itself and does not appear to question the accepted opinions of scholars that it was an early compilation of the primitive Church. But he rightly contends that there is no cogent evidence that the Church quite early agreed on ‘a formal outline account of the progress of the Lord's earthly ministry’.3

scholarly journals Hierarchia wschodnich biskupów w historiografii kościelnej V wieku

Vox Patrum ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 181-199
Author(s):  
Sławomir Bralewski
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Saint Peter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eusebius Of Caesarea ◽  
The Church ◽  
Marked Tendency ◽  
The Way ◽  
Church Historians

Francis Dvornik has expressed the view that, in the Eastern part of the Empire, the principle of accommodation dominated over the principle of the apostolic ori­gin. The situation, he maintained, resulted from the fact that the aforementioned area included excessively numerous sees which were either established by one of the Apostles or were considered to be somehow connected with their activities. Does the conclusion of the Czech researcher find any justification in the way the precedence of bishoprics is depicted in the Greek ecclesiastical historiography of the fifth century? The present article is to give an answer to the question. The analysis of the ecclesiastical historiography in question demonstrates that Eusebius of Caesarea, who wrote in the IV th century, while setting a hierarchy of bishops was guided first and foremost by the principle of accommodation. The church historians, however, who compiled their works a mere century later put a decisively lesser stress on Eusebius’ predilection in that matter. Although the narrative of Philostorgius, since fragmentary, is hard to interpret, Socrates’ atti­tude displays a marked tendency of favoring the importance of the apostolic ori­gin, which was most probably taken over from Rufinus of Aquileia. Sozomen tended to tell the difference between the official hierarchy of bishops, which was based on the principle of accommodation, and the structure of bishoprics connec­ted with the Apostles. Theodoretus, in turn, tended to connect both the principles, however, preferring the idea of the Church originated by saint Peter, accordingly of the ecclesiastic structure based on the principle of the apostolic origin. As a consequence, and contrary to F. Dvornik’s thesis, it should be concluded that (at least) the authors of the Ecclesiastic Histories of the fifth century were in favor of the principle of the apostolic origin and maintained it was over the prin­ciple of accommodation.

scholarly journals Su te stenderà la sua ombra. Iconografia e tipologia biblica in due Annunciazioni di Filippo Lippi

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 11-124
Author(s):  
Lasse Hodne
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Church ◽  
Theological Concept ◽  
The Way ◽  
Power Of God

This study is devoted to the symbolic significance of shadow and light in two works by Filippo Lippi: The Annunciation in the Martelli Chapel in the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence and the painting of the same subject in the Frick Collection in New York. In the Renaissance, the shadow that appears in the Annunciation is often associated with the procreative power of God. The fact that Filippo Lippi makes use of this sense of the shadow is particularly evident in his Frick Annuciation. It is less well known that in the art of Filippo the shadow has a dual meaning. In fact, the contrast between light and shade in these pictures was not a result of experimentation with natural light; nor is it a difference - as some have argued - caused by the fact that the two halves of the picture were originally intended to be installed separately like the wings of an organ or an "armadio" (closet for ex voto). Instead, I believe that the difference in the way in which the two parts of these paintings are illuminated is a pun intended to emphasize the theological concept of a typological relationship between the Testaments and the realization of the prophecies about the birth of the Messiah.

scholarly journals The limitations of the theory and practice of mobilization in trade union organizing

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Holgate ◽  
Melanie Simms ◽  
Maite Tapia
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Union Organizing ◽  
Mobilization Theory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
The Way

Since the publication of Rethinking Industrial Relations in 1998, John Kelly’s mobilization theory has been used by many scholars attempting to understand union organizing – often using specific campaigns to unpack and analyse various elements of the theory that help to explain the success or failure of collective mobilization. In this article the authors review this literature and highlight the major areas of interest from the book – injustice, framing and leadership – and the contribution to industrial relations research. They find that the terms mobilizing and organizing are used interchangeably, which, they argue, is problematic and has led to confusion about what is actually happening in unions. Unpacking the difference between the two terms can help to explain limitations in the way mobilization theory has been used by scholars, and, at the same time, deepen our understanding of why unions have not been particularly successful in reversing their decline despite the ‘turn to organizing’ over the last few decades.

Angelic Work: The Medieval Sensibilities of Dorothy L. Sayers

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-132
Author(s):  
Crystal Downing
Keyword(s):  
Medieval Architecture ◽  
Gothic Architecture ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Detective Novels ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Way ◽  
New View

After establishing Dorothy L. Sayers’s interest in medieval culture, this essay narrows its focus to Gothic architecture, arguing that Sayers’s fascination with medieval churches helped transform her view of the Church Universal. While a student at Oxford, Sayers echoed the modernist sensibilities of her time, valuing medieval architecture for the way it revealed the “sweetness and light” of culture. After two decades and several detective novels, Sayers began to see medieval architecture differently. Her novel The Nine Tailors provided a key to unlock her vision, and her play The Zeal of Thy House provided the keystone to uphold her new view of Christianity. These works led Sayers to look beyond ecclesiastical monuments to what they represent: a gathering of believers working to carry each other’s burdens as stones carry the arches upholding a medieval church.

From Letter to Spirit

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-148
Author(s):  
John C. Cavadini
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Literal Sense ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Way ◽  
Patristic Exegesis

This chapter offers an overview of patristic theory and practice of both figurative and literal exegesis, as well as of the relationship between them. It argues that for the fathers of the Church, the literal sense of Scripture was not a free-standing independent sense, but was intrinsically related to, and ordered towards, the figurative or spiritual sense(s). Since that is true, the literal sense of Scripture cannot be fully appreciated apart from an understanding of the spiritual or figurative sense(s), and, since this aspect of patristic exegesis is the one perhaps most foreign to contemporary exegetical sensibilities, the chapter spends the majority of its time demonstrating from patristic texts what is meant by the figurative or spiritual sense of Scripture. This then paves the way for a treatment of the literal sense and its relationship to the figurative sense as it has been presented in the earlier part of the chapter.

scholarly journals Die vraag na die noodsaaklikheid van 'n eietydse belydenis: Nuwe Testamenties en hermeneuties beoordeel

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (2/3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M.M. Pelser
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Life Situation ◽  
Community Of Faith ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Way

The question regarding the need for a contemporary creed: Argued from a New Testament and hermeneutieal perspective. As indicated in the title of this study, what is in essence at issue here is the quesion as to whether there is a need for a creed to be contemporaneous with the day and age the church finds itself in. It is argued that to produce a creed in accordance with current hermeneutieal insights is much more difficult than the way in which the existing creeds were created. It is therefore further argued that, for a creed to junction as it ought to, it should in the first place be the result of an interpretation of the Biblical text(s) on the basis of current hermeneutieal theory and practice, and in the second place be a means for expressing one's faith in a meaningful way in every life situation or faith experience. To this end a creed should be contemporaneous with each and every situation encountered by the individual believer or community of faith.

William Swinderby and the Wycliffite Attitude to Excommunication

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN FORREST
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

The early Wycliffite William Swinderby expressed some strong criticisms of excommunication. He was alarmed that churchman thought that it was their power, rather than God's power, that consigned a soul to hell. The rhetoric of sentences of excommunication in this period was indeed intended to frighten offenders into compliance with ecclesiastical judgements, but the theory and practice of excommunication was in fact far less simple that the Wycliffite criticism of it allowed. This article examines Swinderby's attitude towards ecclesiastical sanctions in light of Wyclif's own ideas, and the theory and practice of excommunication in the late medieval Church. Swinderby's links with early Wycliffism are elucidated and the relationship between Wycliffism and the Church is looked at in a new light.

Pengembangan Marketing Knowledge Ditengah Perbedaan Perspektif Akademisi-Praktisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Amin Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Theory Development ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Customer Focus ◽  
Marketing Practice ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Difference

Knowledge is created and learned by academicians for the purpose of further theory development. Academician’role in disseminating knowldege is very important. To reach a convergent understanding both theory and practice, it’s a need of flexibility between methodology and sources of data so that it stimulates actionable insight.One of the problems between theory and practice differencesis customers focus.For practicians customer focus raised three foundamentals questions: can the knowledge phylosophy reduce cost?. Can the knowledge phylosophy increse sales?, and can the knowledge phylosophy increase the profit?. This paper discuss the development of marketing knowledge based on the marketing practice to bridge the gap between academicians and practicians. Issues being discussed in this paper are the meaning of marketing knowledge from practician perspective, the theory of marketing in practician’s world, actionable research as the bridge of knowledge development, and the difference perspective between academician and parctician.

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