Single-electron sensitivity with a lens-coupled CCD camera

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
G.Y. Fan ◽  
Bruce Mrosko ◽  
Mark H. Ellisman
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Bottom Flange ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Red Phosphor ◽  
Ccd Detector ◽  
Lens Assembly ◽  
Efficient Coupling

A lens coupled CCD camera showing single electron sensitivity has been built for TEM applications. The design is illustrated in Fig. 1. The bottom flange of a JEM-4000EX microscope is replaced by a special flange which carries a large rectangular leaded glass window, 22 mm thick. A 20 μm thick layer of red phosphor is coated on the window, and the entire window is sputter-coated with a thin layer of Au/Pt. A two-lens relay system is used to provide efficient coupling between the image on the phosphor scintillator and the CCD imager. An f1.0 lens (Goerz optical) with front focal length 71.6 mm is used as the collector. A mirror prism, of the Amici type, is used to "bend" the optical path by 90° to prevent X-rays which may penetrate the leaded glass from hitting the CCD detector. Images may be relayed directly to the camera (1:1) or demagnified by a factor of up to 3:1 by moving the lens assembly.

scholarly journals Stellar Positions from CCD Images

1995 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 349-350
Author(s):  
A. R. Upgren ◽  
C. Abad ◽  
J. Stock
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Small Field ◽  
Yellow Filter ◽  
Perfect Adaptation ◽  
Ccd Detector ◽  
Focus Image ◽  
Telescope Optics ◽  
Blue Spectral Region ◽  
Double Cluster

The CIDA visual refractor of 65-cm aperture and focal length 10.5 m, has been used extensively for position determinations on photographic plates. The combination of Kodak D plates and a yellow filter permit an almost perfect adaptation to the focal curve of the telescope. It appeared of interest to test whether the telescope could be used for astrometric purposes with a CCD detector. As is well known, the spectral sensitivity of these detectors extends well into the infrared where the images formed by the telescope optics will be far out of focus. The blue spectral region where this would also be the case can easily be cut off by a yellow filter. There are no filters which would produce a similarly sharp cut-off towards the red region. On the other hand, given the small field covered by a CCD, the displacement of the red out-of-focus image with respect to the center of the visual image might be negligible. Recently obtained accurate positions in the area of the Perseus Double Cluster made this field suitable for the test of this possibility.

Characterization of a long-focal-length polycapillary optic for high-energy x-rays

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padiyar Cari ◽  
Suparmi ◽  
Sushil D. Padiyar ◽  
Walter M. Gibson ◽  
Carolyn A. MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Rays

Monte Carlo Simulation of Self-Absorption Effects in Elemental XRF Analysis of Atmospheric Particulates Collected on Filters

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Hawthorne ◽  
R. P. Gardner ◽  
T. G. Dzubay
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Atmospheric Particulates ◽  
Cylinders And Spheres

Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the effects of selfabsorption for the low energy X-rays of light elements in the size range front 1 to 20 μm. Calculations are performed for a wide angle Fe-55 radioisotope-excited energy dispersive XRF system. Results are obtained for sulfur attenuation in thin layers, long cylinders, and spheres composed of various matrix materials. The enhancement effect is also treated for the transition region between thin and thick layer samples as well as in spheres of various sizes. Results are also comrpared to fixed angle analytical models.

scholarly journals CCD camera for the 60cm telescope at Kagoshima Space Center

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 111-112
Author(s):  
K. Takagishi ◽  
M. Matsuoka ◽  
T. Omodaka
Keyword(s):  
Computer System ◽  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Image Detection ◽  
W Band ◽  
Ccd Detector

A CCD detector has been developed for photometry and image detection with the 60cm reflector at Kagoshima Space Center. The structure and the manipulation of the instrument were simpified by the use of Peltier devices for cooling the CCD in order to eliminate thermal noise. A micro-computer system is used to control the instrument and process the data. A test observing run has demonstrated that a photometric sensitivity of 20th magnitude in the W band(3800-7000 Å) can be achieved in a 3600sec exposure.

Renal contrast microangiography with synchrotron radiation: a novel method for visualizing structures within nephrons in vivo

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Miya ◽  
Shonosuke Matsushita ◽  
Kazuyuki Hyodo ◽  
Chiho Tokunaga ◽  
Hiroaki Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking ◽  
Proximal Tubules ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Renal Microcirculation ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Background No non-invasive method of observing renal microcirculation in vivo has been established as yet. Although angiography is considered to be ideally suited for the purpose, conventional X-rays cannot be used to image structures smaller than 100 µm. Purpose To develop a method for visualizing the renal arterioles, glomeruli, and proximal tubules of rats in vivo making use of synchrotron radiation. Material and Methods Male Wistar rats were anesthetized, and a catheter was inserted via laparotomy into the abdominal aorta with its tip placed above the renal arteries. The rats were paralyzed with a neuromuscular blocking agent and mechanically ventilated. An inorganic iodine contrast medium was injected via the catheter. The SR derived X-rays transmitted through the subjects were recorded with a CCD camera. Two-dimensional images with a pixel size of 9 µm were obtained. The exposure time was fixed at 50 ms, with a maximum acquisition rate of three images/s. Results Renal arterioles as small as 18 µm in diameter, glomeruli with an average diameter of 173 ± 21 µm, as well as proximal tubules, were clearly visualized. In addition, glomerular density at the peripheral renal cortex was measurable. Conclusion Rat renal microcirculation could be successfully observed in real-time, without exteriorization of the kidney in this study.

Theory of Detection of X-Rays by Superconductors

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 849-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Murali Krishna ◽  
Lydia S. Lingam ◽  
Keshav N. Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cooper Pair ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Superconducting Film ◽  
Pair Breaking ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Process

Two new processes occur in a superconducting film when it is used as a detector of X-rays. One of these processes is the scattering of the X-ray by a single electron which gives rise to the broadening of the X-ray line. Another process describes the breaking of a Cooper pair by the X-ray which also contributes to the width of the X-ray. The line arising from the single electron process depends on T4 whereas that arising from the pair breaking process varies almost as T6 at low temperatures. Lines occur at ℏωq ± 2Δ, and at ℏωq where ℏωq is the energy of the X-ray and 2Δ is the gap of the superconductor.

Focal Length Measurement of Lens Based on Linear Array CCD

2013 ◽  
Vol 710 ◽  
pp. 428-433
Author(s):  
Fei Guo ◽  
Mei Zhao ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Jun Xie ◽  
Wei Han
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Threshold Method ◽  
Spread Function ◽  
Sharp Signal ◽  
Linear Array Ccd ◽  
The Relationship

Focal length of lens is an important parameter to determine the relationship between objective and image. It must be measured accurately. The traditional method of using optical bench to measure the focal length of lens has big man-made errors. So we used linear array CCD camera instead of eyes as the receiver to measure the focal length of lens in this paper. Based on the theory of point spread function, it firstly determined the evaluation function of focal plane. With the threshold method, it determined the location coordinate of sharp signal. Then it proved the feasibility of this scheme through experiment. Finally we compared the experimental data obtained with this method with the experimental data obtained with traditional method, which showed that it was more accurate to measure the focal length of lens with this method.

scholarly journals Focal length determination for the 60cm telescope at Astronomical station Vidojevica

2012 ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Cvetkovic ◽  
G. Damljanovic ◽  
R. Pavlovic ◽  
O. Vince ◽  
I.S. Milic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Angular Separation ◽  
Multiple Stars ◽  
Relative Coordinates ◽  
Double And Multiple Stars ◽  
Positional Angle ◽  
Length Determination ◽  
Optical Wavelengths ◽  
Astronomical Station

The focal length of a telescope is an important parameter in determining the angular pixel size. This parameter is used for the purpose of determining the relative coordinates (angular separation and positional angle) of double and multiple stars, and the precise coordinates of extragalactic radio sources (ERS) that are visible at optical wavelengths. At the Astronomical Station Vidojevica we have collected observations of these objects using two CCD cameras, Apogee Alta U42 and SBIG ST-10ME, attached to the 60 cm telescope. Its nominal focal length is 600 cm as given by the manufacturer. To determine the telescope focal length more precisely for both attached detectors, we used angular-separation measurements from CCD images taken at Astronomical Station Vidojevica. The obtained focal lengths are: F42 = (5989 ? 7) mm using the CCD camera Apogee Alta U42 attached to the telescope, and F10 = (5972 ? 4) mm with the CCD camera SBIG ST-10ME attached to the telescope.

scholarly journals Taiwan Automated Telescope Network

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean-Yi Chou ◽  
Ming-Tsung Sun ◽  
Javier Fernandez Fernandez ◽  
Li-Han Wang ◽  
Antonio Jimenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Interactive Mode ◽  
Automatic Mode ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Human Care ◽  
Photometric Measurements ◽  
Under Construction

A global network of small automated telescopes, the Taiwan Automated Telescope (TAT) network, dedicated to photometric measurements of stellar pulsations, is under construction. Two telescopes have been installed in Teide Observatory, Tenerife, Spain and Maidanak Observatory, Uzbekistan. The third telescope will be installed at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, USA. Each system uses a 9-cm Maksutov-type telescope. The effective focal length is 225 cm, corresponding to anf-ratio of 25. The field of view is 0.62 degree square. The images are taken with a 16-bit1024×1024CCD camera. The telescope is equipped with UBVRI filters. Each telescope is fully automated. The telescope can be operated either interactively or fully automatically. In the interactive mode, it can be controlled through the Internet. In the fully automatic mode, the telescope operates with preset parameters without any human care, including taking dark frames and flat frames. The network can also be used for studies that require continuous observations for selected objects.

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