Evaluation of pertussis immunity status in schoolchildren immunized with whole-cell vaccine

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. DURANOGLU ◽  
C. SÖNMEZ ◽  
S. VURUCU ◽  
D. KURTOGLU ◽  
V. KESIK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
School Students ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Immune Group ◽  
Antibody Levels

SUMMARYIt has recently been reported that the worldwide increase in the number of pertussis cases is a result of the waning of whole-cell vaccine-induced immunity. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the pertussis immunity status of primary and secondary school students in a district of Ankara, Turkey. A total of 997 healthy students, aged 9–17 years, who had been immunized with four doses of whole-cell pertussis vaccine were included in the study. The subjects were divided into two age groups: 9–14 and 15–17 years. To determine the immune status, serum levels of IgG anti-pertussis toxin (aPT) antibody were tested by in-house ELISA and arbitrarily evaluated as non-immune [<10 ELISA units (EU)/ml], immune (10–100 EU/ml), and recent infection (>100 EU/ml). Serum samples of 997 students (559 females, 438 males) aged between 9 and 17 years (mean 13·02±2·25, median 13 years) were tested. Non-immune, immune and recent infection levels of aPT were found in 27·3%, 59·3% and 13·4% of individuals, respectively. The immune group did not have statistically significant differences between males and females (P=0·68). In the 9–14 and 15–17 years age groups, serum aPT antibody levels ⩾10 EU/ml were 73·1% and 72·2%, respectively, which did not represent any statistical difference (P=0·81). Students aged 15–17 years had a higher immunity rate than the 9–14 years group, and the percentage of students with recent infection in the 9–14 years group was higher than the 15–17 years group (P<0·001). The peak age of non-immunized subjects was 9 years (47·0%), and decreased to a minimum at age 12–13 years, and began to increase again from age 13–14 years. In contrast, the ratio of recent infection was least at age 9–10 years, began to increase, and reached a peak at 12 years, and then decreased. On the other hand, it was observed that household size and monthly income were not associated with the immunity status (P=0·65,P=0·37, respectively). The results of the present study show that levels of antibody against pertussis decreased in the younger age groups and, as a result, there is an increase in the number of pertussis cases. Thus, in order to decrease the incidence of pertussis and protect infants, we recommend the application of booster doses at regular intervals.

Comparison of 13 Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Overview and Serologic Response

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-557
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Edwards ◽  
Bruce D. Meade ◽  
Michael D. Decker ◽  
George F. Reed ◽  
Margaret B. Rennels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Ovary Cell ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
To Receive

Objective. To compare the immunogenicity of a licensed conventional whole-cell (WCL) and 13 diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines that differed in source, method of manufacture, and included antigens; all vaccines included diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Methods. Healthy infants were enrolled through six university-based vaccine and treatment evaluation units and were randomized to receive one of the study vaccines at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Sera were obtained before the first immunization and 1 month after the third immunization and were analyzed for antibody to pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae, pertactin, and diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Chinese hamster ovary cell toxin neutralization assays were performed, and levels of agglutinating antibodies were determined. Results. Of 2342 infants enrolled, 1942 contributed usable preimmunization and postimmunization serum specimens. Each vaccine produced significant increases in antibodies directed against the included antigens; postimmunization antibody titers differed significantly among the DTaP vaccines. For each evaluated antigen, the majority of DTaP vaccines produced antibody responses that equaled or exceeded those produced by WCL. For some antigens (eg, PT), mean antibody levels by vaccine correlated poorly with the quantity of antigen included in each vaccine; for others (eg, fimbriae), there was a close correlation. Conclusion. Although serologic correlates of pertussis immunity are not defined, it is clear that DTaP vaccines can stimulate immune responses that exceed those of licensed whole-cell vaccine with respect to the measured antibodies. Particularly for PT, immunogenicity seems to depend on factors in addition to antigen concentration, possibly including antigen derivation and formulation. No DTaP was most or least immunogenic with respect to all included antigens.

scholarly journals Evaluation of B-Cell Kinetics After Acellular Pertussis Vaccination in Four Cohorts of Different Age and Priming Background

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annieck M Diks ◽  
Pauline Versteegen ◽  
Cristina Teodosio ◽  
Rick J Groenland ◽  
Bas de Mooij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Cellular Change ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Cellular Marker ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Serum Igg Levels

Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Over the past years, the incidence and mortality of pertussis increased significantly. A possible cause is the switch from whole cell to acellular pertussis vaccines, although other factors may also contribute. To develop future vaccines and improve current vaccination strategies, it is critical to understand factors influencing the generation of immunological memory. We applied high-dimensional flow cytometry to investigate changes in B cells in individuals of different ages and distinct priming backgrounds upon administration of an acellular pertussis booster vaccine. These findings were correlated to vaccine-specific plasma cells and serum Ig levels. Expansion and maturation of plasma cells 7 days post-vaccination was the most prominent cellular change in all age groups, and was most pronounced for more mature IgG1+ plasma cells. Cellular responses were stronger in individuals primed with whole cell vaccine than in individuals primed with acellular vaccine. Moreover, IgG1+ plasma cell expansion weakly correlated with Prn- and PT- specific serum IgG levels. Our study points at plasma cells as a potential early cellular marker of an immune response and contributes to understanding differences in immune responses between age groups and priming backgrounds.

Primary Immunization of Infants With an Acellular Pertussis Vaccine in a Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299
Author(s):  
Margareta Blennow ◽  
Marta Granström ◽  
Eva Jäätmaa ◽  
Patrick Olin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Acellular Vaccine

The rate of adverse reactions and the immunogenicity of a two-component acellular pertussis vaccine as compared with a plain whole-cell vaccine and a placebo were evaluated for primary immunization in 319 6-month-old infants in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. The acellular vaccine produced few and mild systemic and local reactions. Fever (≥38°C) occurred in 6% to 8% of acellular vaccinees as opposed to 25% to 37% of whole-cell vaccinees. Redness (≥1 cm) appeared in 2% to 13% of the acellular vaccine and 24% to 32% of the whole-cell vaccine recipients. Antibody response to pertussis toxin measured in a neutralization test was obtained in 97% to 100% of the infants receiving either two or three doses of the acellular vaccine as compared to 59% after three doses of whole-cell vaccine.

scholarly journals PERTUSSIS INCIDENCE AND THE EFFECT OF REVACCINATION OF PRESCHOOL AND SCHOOL CHILDREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
А. M. Kostinov ◽  
M. P. Kostinov
Keyword(s):  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
School Age ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infections

The review is devoted to the analysis of pertussis incidence of children in the age group of 5–7, as well as strategies of DTP immunization with the help of the drugs in foreign countries. Mass vaccination against pertussis began in the middle of the 20th century, which contributed to a reduction in incidence and mortality rate from this infection. However, in the last decade, there has been an opposite tendency of increasing incidence of patients among children under school age, school age and adults. Atypical forms of the disease and complications due to ARVI, respiratory mycoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infections are described in the review. Various strategies for the use of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines as part of DTP drugs are described, as well as the epidemiological effect of introducing an additional booster dose of vaccine to children under school age. The expediency of revaccination of children aged 6–7 in Russia is argued, which can help to reduce the overall incidence of pertussis. The research materials related to the study of the properties of acellular anti-pertussis vaccine, such as immunogenicity and safety in comparison with whole-cell vaccine, are analyzed. The main drugs and their composition, which are used to vaccinate children against pertussis, are described in the review. It is assumed, that the increase in the incidence among children and teenagers, with the appearance of atypical forms of pertussis, is associated with a number of factors, such as the spread of new genotypes of Bordetella pertussis bacterium, emerged from mutations, as well as short duration of immunity after vaccination with acellular drugs, in comparison with whole-cell, and the use of more modern methods of detecting the pathogen. The mechanisms of the immune response due to different types of pertussis vaccines are also reviewed. It is concluded, that revaccination of children aged 6–7 with an additional fifth dose of an acellular vaccine against pertussis, as part of the DTaP instead of the Td drug, which is regulated in the National Calendar of preventive vaccinations, will have a favorable effect on the epidemic situation with pertussis infection in Russia.

scholarly journals The problem of pertussis in some regions of the world

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A Basov ◽  
O. V Tsvirkun ◽  
A. G Gerasimova ◽  
A. K Zekoreeva
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
National Immunization

Pertussis infection remains a high-priority issue both for Russian health care and abroad. A rise of pertussis incidence in various human age groups instigates a search for new ways to fight this infection and improve methods for its laboratory diagnostics. By taking into consideration a short-term effect induced by acellular and whole-cell vaccines, a feasibility of introducing the second or even the third pertussis revaccination is vigorously debated. Objective of the study was to analyze the experience and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccines in countries, which use the second and third pertussis revaccination in the National Immunization Schedule in order to have an insight into adjusting strategy and tactics of pertussis immunization In Russia. Analyzing pertussis prevalence demonstrated that despite a wide immunization coverage pertussis incidence in the last years (2008–2015) was increased in a large number of countries in the European region, as well as inAustralia,CanadaandUSA. However, the reasons for elevated pertussis incidence have not been clarified yet. On one hand, it may be accounted for by low vaccination coverage in adolescents and adults; weakened immune protection after vaccination; genetic changes in Bordetella pertussis; shortened durability of protective immunity in children vaccinated with acellular vs. whole-cell vaccine; improved monitoring and morbidity reporting, as well as improved laboratory diagnostics due to shifting from serological and bacteriological to molecular genetic assays. In an attempt to solve this issue, researchers from several countries collaborate to discuss and develop a strategy to reduce pertussis incidence. ForRussia, the most important is to empower and/or improve existing infant immunization strategy in order to provide wide coverage with the four dose pertussis vaccine for decreasing the risk of pertussis morbidity and mortality. It is worth noting the “cocoon” strategy given the high risk of pertussis infection in children of the first months of life. We believe that forRussiait is worth investigating an opportunity of using children 2–3 months of life an acellular vaccine as the first vaccination, which is expected to increase the coverage of this cohort and allow to increase proportion of children who might complete vaccination by 5 months of age. At the same time, more reasonable might be to preserve a number of age groups for pertussis vaccination in the current National Immunization Schedule, as expanding age limits for vaccination might put a risk at increasing pertussis morbidity in older individuals, which could be hard to diagnose. 

scholarly journals A Self-Assembling Whole-Cell Vaccine Antigen Presentation Platform

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Liao ◽  
Daniel R. Smith ◽  
Jóhanna Brynjarsdóttir ◽  
Paula I. Watnick
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Secreted Protein ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Common Infection

ABSTRACTDiarrhea is the most common infection in children under the age of 5 years worldwide. In spite of this, only a few vaccines to treat infectious diarrhea exist, and many of the available vaccines are sparingly and sporadically administered. Major obstacles to the development and widespread implementation of vaccination include the ease and cost of production, distribution, and delivery. Here we present a novel, customizable, and self-assembling vaccine platform that exploits theVibrio choleraebacterial biofilm matrix for antigen presentation. We use this technology to create a proof-of-concept, live-attenuated whole-cell vaccine that is boosted by spontaneous association of a secreted protein antigen with the cell surface. Sublingual administration of this live-attenuated vaccine to mice confers protection againstV. choleraechallenge and elicits the production of antigen-specific IgA in stool. The platform presented here enables the development of antigen-boosted vaccines that are simple to produce and deliver, addressing many of the obstacles to vaccination against diarrheal diseases. This may also serve as a paradigm for the development of broadly protective biofilm-based vaccines against other mucosal infections.IMPORTANCEDiarrheal disease is the most common infection afflicting children worldwide. In resource-poor settings, these infections are correlated with cognitive delay, stunted growth, and premature death. With the development of efficacious, affordable, and easily administered vaccines, such infections could be prevented. While a major focus of research on biofilms has been their elimination, here we harness the bacterial biofilm to create a customizable platform for cost-effective, whole-cell mucosal vaccines that self-incorporate secreted protein antigens. We use this platform to develop a sublingually administered live-attenuated prototype vaccine based onVibrio cholerae. This serves not only as a proof of concept for a multivalent vaccine against common bacterial enteric pathogens but also as a paradigm for vaccines utilizing other bacterial biofilms to target mucosal infections.

scholarly journals Process intensification for production of Streptococcus pneumoniae whole cell vaccine

Authorea ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Campos ◽  
Celso Cardoso Jr ◽  
Fernando Fratelli ◽  
Muriel Herd ◽  
Kristin Moffitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine
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