scholarly journals Evaluation of B-Cell Kinetics After Acellular Pertussis Vaccination in Four Cohorts of Different Age and Priming Background

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annieck M Diks ◽  
Pauline Versteegen ◽  
Cristina Teodosio ◽  
Rick J Groenland ◽  
Bas de Mooij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Cellular Change ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Cellular Marker ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Serum Igg Levels

Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Over the past years, the incidence and mortality of pertussis increased significantly. A possible cause is the switch from whole cell to acellular pertussis vaccines, although other factors may also contribute. To develop future vaccines and improve current vaccination strategies, it is critical to understand factors influencing the generation of immunological memory. We applied high-dimensional flow cytometry to investigate changes in B cells in individuals of different ages and distinct priming backgrounds upon administration of an acellular pertussis booster vaccine. These findings were correlated to vaccine-specific plasma cells and serum Ig levels. Expansion and maturation of plasma cells 7 days post-vaccination was the most prominent cellular change in all age groups, and was most pronounced for more mature IgG1+ plasma cells. Cellular responses were stronger in individuals primed with whole cell vaccine than in individuals primed with acellular vaccine. Moreover, IgG1+ plasma cell expansion weakly correlated with Prn- and PT- specific serum IgG levels. Our study points at plasma cells as a potential early cellular marker of an immune response and contributes to understanding differences in immune responses between age groups and priming backgrounds.

scholarly journals PERTUSSIS INCIDENCE AND THE EFFECT OF REVACCINATION OF PRESCHOOL AND SCHOOL CHILDREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
А. M. Kostinov ◽  
M. P. Kostinov
Keyword(s):  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
School Age ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infections

The review is devoted to the analysis of pertussis incidence of children in the age group of 5–7, as well as strategies of DTP immunization with the help of the drugs in foreign countries. Mass vaccination against pertussis began in the middle of the 20th century, which contributed to a reduction in incidence and mortality rate from this infection. However, in the last decade, there has been an opposite tendency of increasing incidence of patients among children under school age, school age and adults. Atypical forms of the disease and complications due to ARVI, respiratory mycoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infections are described in the review. Various strategies for the use of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines as part of DTP drugs are described, as well as the epidemiological effect of introducing an additional booster dose of vaccine to children under school age. The expediency of revaccination of children aged 6–7 in Russia is argued, which can help to reduce the overall incidence of pertussis. The research materials related to the study of the properties of acellular anti-pertussis vaccine, such as immunogenicity and safety in comparison with whole-cell vaccine, are analyzed. The main drugs and their composition, which are used to vaccinate children against pertussis, are described in the review. It is assumed, that the increase in the incidence among children and teenagers, with the appearance of atypical forms of pertussis, is associated with a number of factors, such as the spread of new genotypes of Bordetella pertussis bacterium, emerged from mutations, as well as short duration of immunity after vaccination with acellular drugs, in comparison with whole-cell, and the use of more modern methods of detecting the pathogen. The mechanisms of the immune response due to different types of pertussis vaccines are also reviewed. It is concluded, that revaccination of children aged 6–7 with an additional fifth dose of an acellular vaccine against pertussis, as part of the DTaP instead of the Td drug, which is regulated in the National Calendar of preventive vaccinations, will have a favorable effect on the epidemic situation with pertussis infection in Russia.

scholarly journals Whole-cell vaccine of Streptococcus agalactiae in Oreochromis sp. with immersion method

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
, Sukenda ◽  
Trian Rizky Febriansyah ◽  
Sri Nuryati
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Haematocrit Level ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

<p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p>The study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of formalin-killed non-hemolytic <em>Streptococcus agalactiae </em>N14G and NK1 isolates whole-killed vaccine to prevent streptococcosis in tilapia. Ten fishes were reared in a tank 60x30x35 cm3 with an average body weight at 10.79±0.99 g. Fish was vaccinated through bath immersion at a concentration of 109 cfu/mL. Fish was subsequently challenged by intraperitonial injection of <em>Streptococcus agalactiae </em>105 cfu/mL at 11 days post-vaccination. Parameters observed were survival, relative percent survival (RPS), total leukocyte, phagocytic activity, antibody titer, total erythrocyte, haemoglobin level, haematocrit level, dan water quality. Samplings were performed in day-0, 20, and 30 after vaccination. Both vaccines have shown higher survival (60%) and RPS (40%) when challenged with pathogenic <em>Streptococcus </em>N14G isolates than other treatments. Based on RPS percentage observed, those vaccine were still not sufficiently effective to combat <em>S. agalactiae </em>infection.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: tilapia, bath immersion, <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em>, whole-cell vaccine</p><br /><p class="NoParagraphStyle"><strong> </strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"><strong><br /></strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efikasi vaksin <em>formalin-killed cell Streptococcus agalactiae </em>tipe isolat nonhemolitik N14G dan NK1 se utuh yang diberikan melalui perendaman dalam mencegah penyakit streptococcosis pada ikan nila. Ikan nila yang digunakan memiliki bobot 10,79±0,99 g, dipelihara sebanyak sepuluh ekor dalam akuarium ukuran 60x30x35 cm3. Ikan divaksinasi dengan metode perendaman dengan dosis 109 cfu/mL. Uji tantang dilakukan pada hari ke-11 pascavaksinasi dengan dosis 105 cfu/mL. Parameter yang diamati meliputi sintasan (SR), sintasan relatif/<em>relative percent surviva</em>l (RPS), total leukosit, aktivitas fagositik, titer antibodi, total eritrosit, kadar hemoglobin, kadar hematokrit, dan kualitas air. Pengamatan parameter dilakukan pada hari ke-0, ke-10, ke-20, dan ke-30. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan kedua vaksin yang diinfeksi bakteri patogen isolat N14G memberikan nilai sintasan dan nilai RPS tertinggi dibanding perlakuan lainnya. Nilai sintasan dan RPS kedua perlakuan tersebut adalah 60% dan 40%. Nilai RPS yang cukup kecil menunjukkan vaksin yang diberikan masih kurang efektif untuk mencegah infeksi bakteri <em>S. agalactiae</em>.</p><p> </p><p>Kata kunci: ikan nila, perendaman, <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em>, vaksin sel utuh</p>

scholarly journals Protective Efficacy of Novel Oral Biofilm Vaccines against Lactococcus garvieae Infection in Mullet, Mugil cephalus

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 844
Author(s):  
Feng-Jie Su ◽  
Meei-Mei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Vaccine Group ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Chitosan Particle ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Particle Group

Lactococcus garvieae (L. garvieae) is an important pathogen that causes enormous economic losses in both marine and freshwater aquaculture. At present, antibiotics are the only option for farmers to reduce the losses caused by L. garvieae. However, the usage of antibiotics leads to environmental pollution and the production of drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Therefore, vaccination is preferred as an alternative method to prevent infectious diseases. In this study, we describe an effective approach to the production of an oral biofilm vaccine, using bacteria grown on chitosan particles to form biofilms, and thus providing an inactive pathogen that enhances the immune response in fish. We observed the formation of a biofilm on chitosan particles and administered the novel oral biofilm vaccine to fish. We analyzed the immune responses, including antibody production, phagocytic ability, albumin/globulin ratio and immune-related genes, of vaccinated and control groups of black mullet. Our results show that the phagocytic ability of the biofilm vaccine group was 84%, which is significantly higher than that of the control group, and the antibody production in this group was significantly higher compared with the other group. The mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes (TLR2, IL-1β, TNF-α) were significantly upregulated in the spleen after vaccination. In challenge experiments, the relative percent survival (RPS) was 77% in the biofilm vaccine group, 18% in the whole-cell vaccine group, and 0% in the chitosan particle group at 32 days post-vaccination. In addition, we also found that the relative percent survival (RPS) at 1 day post-vaccination was 74% in the biofilm vaccine group, 42% in the whole-cell vaccine group, and 26% in the chitosan particle group. In both long-term and short-term challenge experiments, the viability of the biofilm vaccine group was significantly higher than that of the whole-cell, chitosan particle and PBS groups. We conclude that based on its protective effect, the L. garvieae biofilm vaccine is better than the whole-cell vaccine when challenged several weeks after vaccination. In addition, the biofilm vaccine also has a greater protective effect than the whole-cell vaccine when challenged immediately after vaccination. Therefore, the biofilm vaccine might represent a novel method for the prevention and treatment of L. garvieae infection.

Evaluation of pertussis immunity status in schoolchildren immunized with whole-cell vaccine

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. DURANOGLU ◽  
C. SÖNMEZ ◽  
S. VURUCU ◽  
D. KURTOGLU ◽  
V. KESIK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
School Students ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Immune Group ◽  
Antibody Levels

SUMMARYIt has recently been reported that the worldwide increase in the number of pertussis cases is a result of the waning of whole-cell vaccine-induced immunity. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the pertussis immunity status of primary and secondary school students in a district of Ankara, Turkey. A total of 997 healthy students, aged 9–17 years, who had been immunized with four doses of whole-cell pertussis vaccine were included in the study. The subjects were divided into two age groups: 9–14 and 15–17 years. To determine the immune status, serum levels of IgG anti-pertussis toxin (aPT) antibody were tested by in-house ELISA and arbitrarily evaluated as non-immune [<10 ELISA units (EU)/ml], immune (10–100 EU/ml), and recent infection (>100 EU/ml). Serum samples of 997 students (559 females, 438 males) aged between 9 and 17 years (mean 13·02±2·25, median 13 years) were tested. Non-immune, immune and recent infection levels of aPT were found in 27·3%, 59·3% and 13·4% of individuals, respectively. The immune group did not have statistically significant differences between males and females (P=0·68). In the 9–14 and 15–17 years age groups, serum aPT antibody levels ⩾10 EU/ml were 73·1% and 72·2%, respectively, which did not represent any statistical difference (P=0·81). Students aged 15–17 years had a higher immunity rate than the 9–14 years group, and the percentage of students with recent infection in the 9–14 years group was higher than the 15–17 years group (P<0·001). The peak age of non-immunized subjects was 9 years (47·0%), and decreased to a minimum at age 12–13 years, and began to increase again from age 13–14 years. In contrast, the ratio of recent infection was least at age 9–10 years, began to increase, and reached a peak at 12 years, and then decreased. On the other hand, it was observed that household size and monthly income were not associated with the immunity status (P=0·65,P=0·37, respectively). The results of the present study show that levels of antibody against pertussis decreased in the younger age groups and, as a result, there is an increase in the number of pertussis cases. Thus, in order to decrease the incidence of pertussis and protect infants, we recommend the application of booster doses at regular intervals.

scholarly journals Contributions of lipopolysaccharide and the type IVB secretion system to Coxiella burnetii vaccine efficacy and reactogenicity

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie M. Long ◽  
Paul A. Beare ◽  
Diane C. Cockrell ◽  
Jonathan Fintzi ◽  
Mahelat Tesfamariam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Type Ivb Secretion ◽  
Type Ivb Secretion System

AbstractCoxiella burnetii is the bacterial causative agent of the zoonosis Q fever. The current human Q fever vaccine, Q-VAX®, is a fixed, whole cell vaccine (WCV) licensed solely for use in Australia. C. burnetii WCV administration is associated with a dermal hypersensitivity reaction in people with pre-existing immunity to C. burnetii, limiting wider use. Consequently, a less reactogenic vaccine is needed. Here, we investigated contributions of the C. burnetii Dot/Icm type IVB secretion system (T4BSS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in protection and reactogenicity of fixed WCVs. A 32.5 kb region containing 23 dot/icm genes was deleted in the virulent Nine Mile phase I (NMI) strain and the resulting mutant was evaluated in guinea pig models of C. burnetii infection, vaccination-challenge, and post-vaccination hypersensitivity. The NMI ∆dot/icm strain was avirulent, protective as a WCV against a robust C. burnetii challenge, and displayed potentially altered reactogenicity compared to NMI. Nine Mile phase II (NMII) strains of C. burnetii that produce rough LPS, were similarly tested. NMI was significantly more protective than NMII as a WCV; however, both vaccines exhibited similar reactogenicity. Collectively, our results indicate that, like phase I LPS, the T4BSS is required for full virulence by C. burnetii. Conversely, unlike phase I LPS, the T4BSS is not required for vaccine-induced protection. LPS length does not appear to contribute to reactogenicity while the T4BSS may contribute to this response. NMI ∆dot/icm represents an avirulent phase I strain with full vaccine efficacy, illustrating the potential of genetically modified C. burnetii as improved WCVs.

Primary Immunization of Infants With an Acellular Pertussis Vaccine in a Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299
Author(s):  
Margareta Blennow ◽  
Marta Granström ◽  
Eva Jäätmaa ◽  
Patrick Olin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Acellular Vaccine

The rate of adverse reactions and the immunogenicity of a two-component acellular pertussis vaccine as compared with a plain whole-cell vaccine and a placebo were evaluated for primary immunization in 319 6-month-old infants in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. The acellular vaccine produced few and mild systemic and local reactions. Fever (≥38°C) occurred in 6% to 8% of acellular vaccinees as opposed to 25% to 37% of whole-cell vaccinees. Redness (≥1 cm) appeared in 2% to 13% of the acellular vaccine and 24% to 32% of the whole-cell vaccine recipients. Antibody response to pertussis toxin measured in a neutralization test was obtained in 97% to 100% of the infants receiving either two or three doses of the acellular vaccine as compared to 59% after three doses of whole-cell vaccine.

scholarly journals The problem of pertussis in some regions of the world

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A Basov ◽  
O. V Tsvirkun ◽  
A. G Gerasimova ◽  
A. K Zekoreeva
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
National Immunization

Pertussis infection remains a high-priority issue both for Russian health care and abroad. A rise of pertussis incidence in various human age groups instigates a search for new ways to fight this infection and improve methods for its laboratory diagnostics. By taking into consideration a short-term effect induced by acellular and whole-cell vaccines, a feasibility of introducing the second or even the third pertussis revaccination is vigorously debated. Objective of the study was to analyze the experience and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccines in countries, which use the second and third pertussis revaccination in the National Immunization Schedule in order to have an insight into adjusting strategy and tactics of pertussis immunization In Russia. Analyzing pertussis prevalence demonstrated that despite a wide immunization coverage pertussis incidence in the last years (2008–2015) was increased in a large number of countries in the European region, as well as inAustralia,CanadaandUSA. However, the reasons for elevated pertussis incidence have not been clarified yet. On one hand, it may be accounted for by low vaccination coverage in adolescents and adults; weakened immune protection after vaccination; genetic changes in Bordetella pertussis; shortened durability of protective immunity in children vaccinated with acellular vs. whole-cell vaccine; improved monitoring and morbidity reporting, as well as improved laboratory diagnostics due to shifting from serological and bacteriological to molecular genetic assays. In an attempt to solve this issue, researchers from several countries collaborate to discuss and develop a strategy to reduce pertussis incidence. ForRussia, the most important is to empower and/or improve existing infant immunization strategy in order to provide wide coverage with the four dose pertussis vaccine for decreasing the risk of pertussis morbidity and mortality. It is worth noting the “cocoon” strategy given the high risk of pertussis infection in children of the first months of life. We believe that forRussiait is worth investigating an opportunity of using children 2–3 months of life an acellular vaccine as the first vaccination, which is expected to increase the coverage of this cohort and allow to increase proportion of children who might complete vaccination by 5 months of age. At the same time, more reasonable might be to preserve a number of age groups for pertussis vaccination in the current National Immunization Schedule, as expanding age limits for vaccination might put a risk at increasing pertussis morbidity in older individuals, which could be hard to diagnose. 

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