New rabies virus variant found during an epizootic in white-nosed coatis from the Yucatan Peninsula

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (11) ◽  
pp. 1586-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. ARÉCHIGA-CEBALLOS ◽  
A. VELASCO-VILLA ◽  
M. SHI ◽  
S. FLORES-CHÁVEZ ◽  
B. BARRÓN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
Virus Variant ◽  
Nucleoprotein Gene ◽  
Nasua Narica ◽  
Human Rabies Case

SUMMARYIn February 2008, three white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica) were found dead in a recreational park in Cancun, Mexico. The diagnosis of rabies virus (RABV) infection was confirmed by direct immunofluorescence test. The phylogenetic analysis performed with the complete RABV nucleoprotein gene positioned this isolate close to a sequence of a human rabies case reported during 2008 from Oaxaca, Mexico, sharing 93% similarity. In turn, these two variants are related to another variant found in rabidTadarida brasiliensis mexicanabats across North America. Anti-RABV neutralizing activity (1·3 IU/ml) was found in the serum of one white-nosed coati captured with another five that cohabited with the dead animals. Enhanced rabies surveillance and pathogenesis studies should be conducted in coatis and insectivorous bats of the region to clarify the role of these species as potential emergent or long-term unidentified RABV reservoirs.

Typing of the rabies virus in Chile, 2002–2008

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (12) ◽  
pp. 2157-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. YUNG ◽  
M. FAVI ◽  
J. FERNANDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Nucleoprotein Gene ◽  
Nucleoprotein N

SUMMARYIn Chile, dog rabies has been controlled and insectivorous bats have been identified as the main rabies reservoir. This study aimed to determine the rabies virus (RABV) variants circulating in the country between 2002 and 2008. A total of 612 RABV isolates were tested using a panel with eight monoclonal antibodies against the viral nucleoprotein (N-mAbs) for antigenic typing, and a product of 320-bp of the nucleoprotein gene was sequenced from 99 isolates. Typing of the isolates revealed six different antigenic variants but phylogenetic analysis identified four clusters associated with four different bat species. Tadarida brasiliensis bats were confirmed as the main reservoir. This methodology identified several independent rabies enzootics maintained by different species of insectivorous bats in Chile.

scholarly journals Use of a molecular epidemiological database to track human rabies case histories in South Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (9) ◽  
pp. 1270-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. COETZEE ◽  
J. WEYER ◽  
J. T. PAWESKA ◽  
F. J. BURT ◽  
W. MARKOTTER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Rabies Case ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Epidemiological Database ◽  
Human Rabies Case

SUMMARYThe KwaZulu Natal and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa have experienced a serious dog rabies epidemic over the past three decades. Towards a better understanding of this epidemic, we have previously analysed nucleotide sequences of 142 rabies virus specimens that were obtained from these regions during 2003–2004 and provided a molecular description of the geographical distribution of rabies viral variants in the affected provinces. Here, as an extension, we studied five human cases that occurred during 2002–2003 and demonstrated the use of the sequence database in tracking unknown human rabies case histories. We were able to identify the geographical origin of viruses responsible for each human infection and in one case obtained evidence that suggested a non-bite transmission of rabies virus from an infected dog to a child. We argue for the value of this information in surveillance and epidemiological study and in the follow-up and management of potential exposures.

scholarly journals Antigenic typing of brazilian rabies virus samples isolated from animals and humans, 1989-2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Regina FAVORETTO ◽  
Maria Luiza CARRIERI ◽  
Elenice Maria S. CUNHA ◽  
Elizabeth A.C. AGUIAR ◽  
Luzia Helena Q. SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Pasteur Institute ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Desmodus Rotundus ◽  
Lasiurus Cinereus ◽  
Antibody Panel ◽  
Vampire Bat

Animal and human rabies samples isolated between 1989 and 2000 were typified by means of a monoclonal antibody panel against the viral nucleoprotein. The panel had been previously established to study the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in the Americas. Samples were isolated in the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Pasteur Institute and in other rabies diagnostic centers in Brazil. In addition to the fixed virus samples CVS-31/96-IP, preserved in mouse brain, and PV-BHK/97, preserved in cell culture, a total of 330 rabies virus samples were isolated from dogs, cats, cattle, horses, bats, sheep, goat, swine, foxes, marmosets, coati and humans. Six antigenic variants that were compatible with the pre-established monoclonal antibodies panel were defined: numbers 2 (dog), 3 (Desmodus rotundus), 4 (Tadarida brasiliensis), 5 (vampire bat from Venezuela), 6 (Lasiurus cinereus) and Lab (reacted to all used antibodies). Six unknown profiles, not compatible with the panel, were also found. Samples isolated from insectivore bats showed the greatest variability and the most commonly isolated variant was variant-3 (Desmodus rotundus). These findings may be related to the existence of multiple independent transmission cycles, involving different bat species.

The importance of individual animal species in rabies virus transport in the Central federal district

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
S. L. Nesterchuk ◽  
◽  
E. A. Makarova ◽  
V. A. Ostapenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Raccoon Dog ◽  
Virus Transport ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Central Federal District

The Rabies – a viral disease characterized by severe damage of the nervous system. The analysis of data from the Rospotrebnadzor for 4 years (from 2015 to 2018) on the varmint of animals with rabies in four regions of the Central Federal District with different population densities is carried out. The main carriers of rabies virus in the region are the red fox, raccoon dog, stray dogs and cats; the role of other species is not so significant and rarely exceeds 1% of the total number of animals with suspected rabies. It has been established that in areas with a low population (Tver region) the role of a raccoon dog in rabies transfer can be even more significant than red foxes. To reduce the incidence of human rabies, constant monitoring and regulation of the numbers of foxes and raccoon dogs in the wild, as well as stray dogs and cats, is highly required. Consequently, we consider the current tendency to remove stray dogs from their habitats, their sterilization and return to urbocenosis insufficient; sterilized dogs will remain a source of rabies in populated locations.

scholarly journals Antigenic and genetic characterization of the first rabies virus isolated from the bat Eumops perotis in Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Galera Castilho ◽  
Flávia Marchizeli Canello ◽  
Karin Corrêa Scheffer ◽  
Samira Maria Achkar ◽  
Maria Luiza Carrieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Nucleoprotein Gene ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
The City ◽  
Immunofluorescence Antibody Test ◽  
Immunofluorescence Antibody

Although the main transmitters of rabies in Brazil are dogs and vampire bats, the role of other species such as insectivorous and frugivorous bats deserves special attention, as the rabies virus has been isolated from 36 bat species. This study describes the first isolation of the rabies virus from the insectivorous bat Eumops perotis. The infected animal was found in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. The virus was identified by immunofluorescence antibody test (FAT) in central nervous system (CNS) samples, and the isolation was carried out in N2A cell culture and adult mice. The sample was submitted to antigenic typing using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (CDC/Atlanta/USA). The DNA sequence of the nucleoprotein gene located between nucleotides 102 and 1385 was aligned with homologous sequences from GenBank using the CLUSTAL/W method, and the alignment was used to build a neighbor-joining distance-based phylogenetic tree with the K-2-P model. CNS was negative by FAT, and only one mouse died after inoculation with a suspension from the bat's CNS. Antigenic typing gave a result that was not compatible with the patterns defined by the panel. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus isolated segregated into the same cluster related to other viruses isolated from insectivorous bats belonging to genus Nyctinomops ssp. (98.8% nucleotide identity with each other).

scholarly journals Cat infected by a variant of bat rabies virus in a 29-year disease-free urban area of southern Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien Midori Morikawa ◽  
Juliano Ribeiro ◽  
Alexander Welker Biondo ◽  
Anaclete Fellini ◽  
Daniele Bier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Inoculation Test ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
Bat Rabies ◽  
Disease Free

INTRODUCTION: After 29 years, rabies was detected in a cat in Curitiba, southern Brazil. METHODS: The fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT) were performed on central nervous system (CNS) samples. RESULTS: Direct immunofluorescence was negative, but the biological test was positive and rabies virus was characterized as variant 4 (from Tadarida brasiliensis). CONCLUSIONS: Reappearance of rabies in domestic animals warns of sylvatic-aerial risk of infection and the necessity of monitoring bats in historically rabies-free areas.

scholarly journals Therapy with Minocycline Aggravates Experimental Rabies in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 6248-6253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Jackson ◽  
Courtney A. Scott ◽  
James Owen ◽  
Simon C. Weli ◽  
John P. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Embryonic Mouse ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

ABSTRACT Minocycline is a tetracycline derivative with antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, and the drug has been shown to have beneficial effects in a variety of models of neurological disorders. The potentially neuroprotective role of minocycline was assessed in experimental in vitro and in vivo models of rabies virus infection. In this study, 5 nM minocycline did not improve the viability of embryonic mouse cortical and hippocampal neurons infected in vitro with the attenuated SAD-D29 strain of rabies virus, based on assessments using trypan blue exclusion. Two-day-old ICR mice were inoculated in the right hind limb thigh muscle with SAD-D29, and they received daily subcutaneous injections of either 50 mg/kg minocycline or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline). Infected minocycline-treated mice experienced an earlier onset of neurologic signs and greater mortality (83% versus 50%) than those receiving vehicle (log rank test, P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively). Immunohistochemical analysis of rabies virus antigen distribution was performed at early time points and in moribund mice. There were greater numbers of infected neurons in the regional brain areas of minocycline-treated mice than in vehicle-treated mice, which was significant in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. There was less apoptosis (P = 0.01) and caspase 3 immunostaining (P = 0.0008) in the midbrains of mice treated with minocycline than in mice treated with vehicle, consistent with a neuroprotective role of neuronal apoptosis that may have had a mild effect of inhibiting viral spread. Reduced infiltration of CD3+ T cells was observed in the pons/medulla of moribund mice that received minocycline therapy (P = 0.008), suggesting that the anti-inflammatory actions of minocycline may intensify the neurologic disease. These findings indicate that minocycline has important detrimental effects in the therapy of experimental rabies. Empirical therapy with minocycline should therefore be approached with caution in cases of human rabies and possibly other viral encephalitides until more experimental data become available.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document